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Properties of bulk materials
Published in D.V. Subba Rao, The Belt Conveyor, 2020
Bulk density of the material is an apparent density and is defined as the mass of the material divided by its total volume (particles and voids). Thus, bulk density,ρb=msolids+mvoidsVsolids+Vvoids
Particle Management
Published in Debasish Sarkar, Ceramic Processing, 2019
Particle packing density leads to high green density during compaction. Prior to ceramic processing, starting from particle mixing to sintered product, research laboratories often evaluate the packing efficiency of starting particles through mechanical agitation known as tapping that provides a clear sense of how to obtain a highly dense product from particular graded materials. Conventionally, packing can be divided into loose packing and dense packing. Loose packing comprises bulk density or pour density; however, dense packing results in tapping and is referred to as tap density. Bulk density or apparent density is defined as volume occupied by the unit mass of the material; herein the volume includes particle volume, inter-particle void volume and internal void volume [55]. Bulk density (weight/volume) is measured by pouring a known quantity of mass into a measuring container, and it may increase if the material has a settling tendency. Tap density or true density is defined as the final volume occupied by unit mass after specified amount of compaction, herein, the compaction is done by several procedures either mechanically or manually. A pictorial presentation of measuring bulk density and tap density is shown in Figure 2.15.
Powder Metallurgy
Published in Sherif D. El Wakil, Processes and Design for Manufacturing, 2019
The bulk (or apparent) density is the density of the bulk of a powder mass. It can be easily determined by filling a container of known volume with the powder and then determining the weight of the powder. The bulk density is the quotient of the powder mass divided by its volume and is usually expressed in grams per cubic centimeter (g/cm3). The apparent density is influenced by the same factors as the flowability—namely, the particle configuration and the particle-size distribution.
Valorization of spent coffee grounds: Encapsulation of bioactive compounds by different drying methods
Published in Drying Technology, 2022
Cintia da Silva Araújo, Leandro Levate Macedo, Wallaf Costa Vimercati, Jefferson Luiz Gomes Corrêa, Carlos José Pimenta
Bulk density is an important property of powdered products and is related to several factors, including rehydration properties, packaging, transportation, marketing and product appearance. The size and moisture content of the dried product are determinants for the density.[36] As seen in Figure 4c, there was no significant difference (p > 0.05) between the densities obtained for the FMFD and FD treatments. However, these densities were lower than the densities presented for the foam mat and SD. A similar result was reported by Darniadi et al.,[16] who found a lower density for the dried product by FMFD compared to SD. The apparent density values presented by the SD and FD methods are close to those found by Dadi et al.[32] for particles containing bioactive compounds of moringa extract obtained by spray- and freeze-drying. Moreover, as in this study, the authors also found lower values for the apparent density of the particles obtained by freeze-drying.
Physical and frictional behaviors of loblolly pine residues
Published in Biofuels, 2022
Oluwatosin Oginni, Oladiran Fasina
Bulk density is an important physical characteristic of particulate material, which significantly impacts supply logistics, engineering design, and operation of transportation equipment, material handling systems, and processing in the biorefinery [10, 11]. This is because bulk density is used in estimating storage capacity and the amount of space needed during bulk material logistics. Bulk density is the ratio of the mass of a bulk material to its bulk volume. Rezaei et al. [12] reported an increase in bulk density of ground pine chips from 138 to 157 kg/m3 as particle size increased from 3.2 to 25.4 mm. Oginni et al. [5] also reported a similar trend of bulk density increase from 159 to 272 kg/m3 for loblolly pine grinds at a moisture content of 8.68% (wet basis) and as particle size increased from <0.25 to 1.40 mm.
Region-specific biomass feedstock selection for gasification using multi-attribute decision-making techniques
Published in International Journal of Sustainable Engineering, 2021
Joel George, P. Arun, C. Muraleedharan
The data for determining criterion values are obtained from the biomass characterisation tests. Different characterisation tests conducted include proximate analysis, ultimate analysis, determination of bulk density and heating value. Proximate analysis is carried out by heating 1.0 g of biomass with particle size less than 250 µm in a silica crucible at different temperatures in a muffle furnace and monitoring its weight differences. This analysis determines moisture content, volatile matter, ash content and fixed carbon (McKendry 2002). Elemental composition was determined based on ultimate analysis (McKendry 2002) using an ultimate analyser. For this purpose, ultimate analyser (make: Elementar Vario EL III) facility at Sophisticated Analytical Instruments Facility (SAIF), STIC, Kochi, India was used. Higher heating values and bulk densities of biomasses considered are also determined. Bulk density is estimated by pouring weighed quantity of sample of particles into a graduated cylinder and the volume occupied determines the bulk density. Higher heating value of the biomass has been determined with the help of bomb calorimeter. The rise in temperature of the water surrounding the bomb when the fuel is ignited is determined by a sensitive thermometer. Energy content of the biomass is proportional to the rise in temperature. Results of biomass characterisation tests are shown in Table 1.