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Introduction
Published in Bujang B. K. Huat, Arun Prasad, Sina Kazemian, Vivi Anggraini, Ground Improvement Techniques, 2019
Bujang B. K. Huat, Arun Prasad, Sina Kazemian, Vivi Anggraini
In central Asia, part of the United States, Argentina and Brazil, the common soil type is mollisols. Mollisols form in semi-arid to semi-humid areas, typically under a grassland cover. They are most commonly found in the mid-latitudes: mostly east of the Rocky Mountains in North America; in Argentina (the Pampas) and Brazil in South America; and in Mongolia and the Russian steppes of Asia. Their parent material is typically base-rich and calcareous and includes limestone, loess, or windblown sand. Meanwhile, in the cold north (Alaska and Siberia), gelisols are found. They are soils of very cold climates which are defined as containing permafrost within 2 m of the soil surface.
Toward Understanding the Intelligent Properties of Biological Macromolecules
Published in George K. Knopf, Amarjeet S. Bassi, Smart Biosensor Technology, 2018
In 1996, Saccharomyces cerevisiae (baker's yeast) was the first eukaryotic genome (12,067,277 bp) to be fully sequenced (153). We have shown that MELTSIM accurately simulates the experimentally determined Tm value of this entire genome (154). An important feature of MELTSIM allows the simulation and display of the positional melting behavior along any DNA sequence. We have used this positional mapping feature to demonstrate melting behavior along the 16 individual yeast chromosomes (154,155). As Figure 2.41 demonstrates, the positional mapping feature of MELTSIM can also reveal the positions of block DNA melting exhibited, for example, within a single gene: in this case a diphosphatase enzyme from D. discoideum. There is a close correspondence between the positions of introns and UTR regions of the diphosphatase gene and low-melting temperature block behavior. Exon positions correspond to the high-melting block regions of the diphosphatase gene. These block melting data are consistent with the known base composition and dinucleotide composition of exons and introns and their correlations with DNA melting temperature (121,151,152). This exon vs. intron discrimination within the diphosphatase gene is just one of a number of such cases we identified within sequences of the (A + T)% base rich D. discoideum (156,157) and Schistosoma mansoni (158) genomic DNAs based upon their differential positional melting behaviors. Such behavior is likely to be a general property of (A + T)% base-rich eukaryotic genomes.
Rain and Rocks: The Recipe for River Water Chemistry
Published in Antonius Laenen, David A. Dunnette, River Quality, 2018
In the U.K., the diversity of the invertebrate population in running waters is expressed as a biotic index. The index system that has been standardized throughout the country by the freshwater biologists of the U.K. is the Biological Monitoring Working Party (BMWP) score. The higher the score, the greater the diversity and number of invertebrate species present in the water and thus the cleaner the water. There is no fixed upper limit the score and unpolluted rivers may have widely differing BMWP scores for reasons unrelated to pollution. For example, stream draining areas in a base rich catchment, such as the chalk rivers of Southern England, may have BMWP scores of over 200. By contrast the nutrient-poor highland rivers in Scotland may have an optimum score of only 70 to 80. In the west of Scotland, the maximum score achievable is about 180.
Local calibration and Implementation of AASHTOWARE Pavement ME performance models for Oklahoma pavement systems
Published in International Journal of Pavement Engineering, 2021
Mahmood Tabesh, Maryam S. Sakhaeifar
Types A, B, and C are conventional flexible pavement designs in Oklahoma. Type A has an asphalt surface layer on a granular base. Type B has an asphalt treated base layer, and type C has an asphalt surface layer with asphalt treated and granular bases layers. Perpetual Pavement is a long-lasting structural design concept for HMA pavements. This type includes a stone matrix asphalt (SMA) as a surface layer, asphalt treated base, rich bottom layer (RBL), and an unbound granular as base and subbase layers.