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Pervious Concrete Water Filter
Published in P. C. Thomas, Vishal John Mathai, Geevarghese Titus, Emerging Technologies for Sustainability, 2020
Jilna Geo, Keerthy Ashok, S. Sankar, Sminu Joy, Mini Mathew, Dila John
Water is a basic resource that guarantees the life of all living beings on Earth. Scarcity of pure water for drinking and other household purposes is a major issue now. About 70% of the Earth’s surface is covered with water, of it 3% is only fresh water that is fit for human consumption. Around two- thirds of that is trapped in frozen glaciers and is unavailable for our use. The National Institution for Transforming India (NITI Ayog), Government of India, released a report “Composite Water Management Index” in June 2018 and listed Delhi and other 21 cities in India which would run out of groundwater by 2020. Water scarcity in India is due to climate changes, pollution of water resources, wastage of water, urbanization, expanding populations, etc. Excessive use of groundwater for irrigation has also caused a strain in the resource. Water scarcity in India is expected to worsen as the overall population is expected to increase to 1.6 billion by 2050. Scarcity and pollution cause millions of people to have limited access to this much-needed asset. In order to obtain pure and safe water for drinking and other household purposes, water needs to be purified. The goal of water filtration process is to remove the existing contaminants in water.
Integrated Membrane Technology for Promoting Zero Liquid Discharge in Process Industries
Published in Sundergopal Sridhar, Membrane Technology, 2018
R. Saranya, P. Anand, Sundergopal Sridhar
Some of the membrane processes that are widely applied in industrial processes are in the area of effluent treatment. For instance, RO is presently playing an indispensable role, owing to its efficiency in producing reusable water. Membrane processes are also lately finding applications in the area of treating secondary and tertiary municipal wastewater and also produced water (Giwa & Ogunribido, 2012). UF process has been in use for decades in several process industries, such as dairy, paper and pulp, sugarcane, agro-food, which is attributable to its advantages of no chemical/thermal inputs and simple operation principle. Membranes play a significant role in water and energy conservation and have, for a long time, been used as sustainable solution for seawater desalination. The successful use of membranes in other applications requires new materials and tailored separation characteristics. The scope of membrane technology in several applications helps to broaden the requirement of its significant innovation in both processes and products. Despite its viability as a sustainable technology for process industries, major uses of this technology are water filtration (including desalination) and purification (including groundwater and wastewater), as well as the food and beverage and biotechnology industries (Kurt et al., 2012; Ozgun et al., 2013). RO, UF, MF and MBR have seen significant growth over the past 20 years.
Water Treatment Calculations
Published in Frank R. Spellman, The Science of Water, 2020
Water filtration is a physical process of separating suspended and colloidal particles from waste by passing the water through a granular material. The process of filtration involves straining, settling, and adsorption. As floc passes into the filter, the spaces between the filter grains become clogged, reducing this opening and increasing removal. Some material is removed merely because it settles on a media grain. One of the most important processes is adsorption of the floc onto the surface of individual filter grains.
Electrospinning of cellulose acetate/graphene/nanoclay nanocomposite for textile wastewater filtration
Published in The Journal of The Textile Institute, 2023
Neda Sangani, Niloofar Eslahi, Mehdi Varsei, Hajar Ghanbari
Cellulose acetate (CA), obtained by the acetylation of cellulose, has gained much attention over the past few decades as an adsorbent polymer for preparing filtration membranes (de Faria et al., 2017; Wang et al., 2021). Nowadays, graphene sheets have been employed in high-performance separation processes due to their unique properties, including high mechanical strength, electro conductivity, and chemical resistance. Graphene and its derivatives-based water filtration is proving to be extremely efficient than the conventional water filtration. The graphene-based membranes can be used for desalination applications with high removal efficiency owing to their high permeability and excellent ion repellency (Karanjikar et al., 2022; Sun & Li, 2018; Voicu & Thakur, 2022; Wei et al., 2018). Developing graphene-based polymer nanocomposites would result in excellent mechanical, electrical, thermal, and gas barrier properties compared to pristine polymers. Unlike graphene, graphene oxide (GO) is more compatible with organic polymers and produces highly homogeneous composites due to abundant oxygen-containing groups in the lattice of GO. Desalination systems based on GO is gaining popularity because of its ease of fabrication, industry scale production, and strong mechanical stability (Aghigh et al., 2015; Eslahi et al., 2022; Wang et al., 2021; Yang et al., 2022).
Production of biodiesel and water conservation through conversion of free fatty acids from a domestic wastewater drain
Published in Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 2022
Ehsan Mustafa Hashmi, Yousuf Jamal, Nida Maqbool, Hafiz Muhammad Aamir Shahzad, Beenish Imtiaz, Sher Jamal Khan
Therefore, the main objective of this study is to demonstrate (a) recovery of FFAs from FOG of the sewer wastewater drains by adsorption over the basic resin catalyst surface (b) esterification of the recovered FFAs in the presence of an acid resin catalyst and ethanol, into the biodiesel (c) the analysis and characterization of the recovered FFAs and biodiesel produced by determining the parameters like density, kinematic viscosity, flash point, lower and higher heating value of each respectively. (d) to determine how the presence of the oily layer in the wastewater affects the mechanism of water filtration over the activated carbon columns, to meet the Pakistan National Environmental Quality Standards (NEQS). (e) to determine the economics of the operation. Thus, the novelty of this research is more than just to recover and utilize the waste FFAs from domestic wastewater drains by converting them into a value-added marketable energy fuel, biodiesel.
Adsorption of fluorine ion from water by composite nonwovens
Published in The Journal of The Textile Institute, 2021
Minglei Lu, Hao Liu, Fukui Pan, Xin Ning, Jinfa Ming
Filtration is one of the most effective means to protect humankind from environmental pollution such as water pollution. Numerous studies are conducted to investigate the filtration of all materials (Takafumi et al., 2010). Parekh et al. fabricated polyacrylonitrile nanofibers coating with silver nanoparticles, aiming to reduce gram-negative bacteria of water. The results showed these nanofibers could be reduced by 100% with an effective filtration rate of 8.0 mL/cm2 min (Shalv et al., 2018). Halaui et al. prepared hollow fibers with symmetric and asymmetric structure for water treatment (Rafi et al., 2017). Getachew et al. reported hydrogel pore-filled membranes with self-healing ability to water filtration (Bezawit et al., 2017). Kadhom et al. reviewed metal organic frameworks (MOFs) in water filtration membranes for desalination and other application (Mohammed & Deng, 2018).