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Limos—Live Patient Monitoring System
Published in Saravanan Krishnan, Ramesh Kesavan, B. Surendiran, G. S. Mahalakshmi, Handbook of Artificial Intelligence in Biomedical Engineering, 2021
T. Ananth Kumar, S. Arunmozhi Selvi, R.S. Rajesh, P. Sivananaintha Perumal, J. Stalin
A respiration sensor measures the respiration rate of a human per minute. Breath rate is characterized as the number of breaths an individual takes for every moment, and it is estimated when an individual is at rest state. The rate will increase with fever, illness, and other medical conditions. The most well-known strategy for the estimation of breath rate is by physical evaluation, watching an individual’s rib along with heart and sum of the number of breaths for one moment time. The limited data can be obtained using breath rate estimation as it is an actual respiration design that exposes the necessary details and other characteristics. The respiration rate differs from breathing. For the adult, the normal respiration rate is usually 12–25 breaths per minute, and if the respiration rate is above 25 or below 12, it is considered as abnormal respiration rate.
Clinical Workflows Supported by Patient Care Device Data
Published in John R. Zaleski, Clinical Surveillance, 2020
The purpose of the lungs is to extract oxygen and at the same expel carbon dioxide with each breath. During CABG surgery, the patient is administered a series of drugs that have the effect of depressing respiratory and cardiovascular function. Because of their effect, these drugs will cause the cessation of spontaneous breathing below life-sustaining levels. Two such indicators of life-sustaining lung function are respiration rate, fR, and tidal volume, Vt (the volume of air inspired in a normal breath). Respiration rate is measured in terms of the number of breaths per minute. The tidal volume is a measure of the amount of air taken into the lungs during the course of a normal breath. In a resting state, the typical human breathes effortlessly at about 12 breaths per minute and a tidal volume commensurate with physiological characteristics associated with the size and weight
Food Refrigeration Aspects
Published in Mohammed M. Farid, Mathematical Modeling of Food Processing, 2010
The respiration rate varies with commodity, in addition to variety, maturity or stage of ripeness, injuries, temperature and other stress-related factors. Strawberries have a high respiration rate, 12–18 mg CO2/kg h at 0°C. The major determinate of respiration activity is product temperature. Since the final result of respiration activity is product deterioration and senescence, achieving as low a respiration rate as possible is desirable. For each 10°C temperature increase, respiration activity increases by a factor of two to four [5]. For example, the respiration of strawberries at 10°C is 49–95 mg CO2/kg h, four to five times greater than at 0°C [5]. Therefore, strawberries must be rapidly pre-cooled to slow their metabolism (physiological deterioration) in order to provide maximum quality and storage life for shipping and handling operations.
Measurement and identification of mental workload during simulated computer tasks with multimodal methods and machine learning
Published in Ergonomics, 2020
Yi Ding, Yaqin Cao, Vincent G. Duffy, Yi Wang, Xuefeng Zhang
Both EDA and respiration significantly increased with increasing task difficulty levels. Our results are consistent with those of Collet, Salvia, and Petit-Boulanger (2014) and Engström, Johansson, and Östlund (2005), but in one of our previous studies, there was no significant difference between difficult- and medium-level tasks (Ding, Cao, and Wang 2019). Charles and Nixon (2019) summarised in their review that EDA is sensitive to sudden but not gradual changes in mental workload. The reason may be that the tasks in this study involved arithmetic problems of increasing difficulty but the previous study employed tasks of office work gradually increasing in difficulty. Moreover, the changing trend in SC (Figure 4) was consistent with the findings of Fairclough and Venables (2006) and Miyake et al. (2009). The respiration rate was found to increase with increasing task difficulty (Charles and Nixon 2019; Fairclough, Venables, and Tattersall 2005; Nixon and Charles 2017) and is the most useful among the respiratory measures (Roscoe 1992). In our experiment, a higher respiration rate was evoked by increasing mental demand. The result was consistent with those of previous studies (Brookings, Wilson, and Swain 1996; Fairclough, Venables, and Tattersall 2005; Grassmann, Vlemincx, von Leupoldt, and Van den Bergh 2016). Grassmann, Vlemincx, von Leupoldt, Mittelstädt, et al. (2016) claimed in their review that the respiration rate increases as stress and workload increase, but that this measure is highly related to physical activity. EMG was also measured and analysed on Yrms and MF in our experiment, and there was no significant difference among the various tasks in EMG signals. This verified that the physical activity effect was at the same level in the three tasks.