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Materials
Published in Ansel C. Ugural, Mechanical Engineering Design, 2022
Quenching: The rapid cooling of a metal from an elevated temperature by injecting or spraying the metal with a suitable cooling medium, such as oil or water, to increase hardness. The stress–strain curve as a result of quenching a mild steel is depicted in Figure 2.19.
Common Heat Treatment Practices
Published in Bankim Chandra Ray, Rajesh Kumar Prusty, Deepak Nayak, Phase Transformations and Heat Treatments of Steels, 2020
Bankim Chandra Ray, Rajesh Kumar Prusty, Deepak Nayak
Quenching is the process that determines the cooling rate to decide the properties of the hardened material like structure, hardness, and strength. Quenching may be done by air, water, brine, oils, polymer quenchant, and salts or with the help of gases, liquids, and solids. Usually, a quenching medium is selected that provides a faster cooling rate than the critical cooling rate. Quenching medium characteristics are as follows: Quenchant temperatureSpecific heat capacity of the quenchantThe viscosity of the quenchantThermal conductivityLatent heat of vaporizationExtent of agitation of the quenching medium
Failure Due to Manufacturing Faults
Published in Colin R. Gagg, Forensic Engineering, 2020
A polished transverse section through the striking end revealed large quench cracks (Figure 9.10). During the quenching process, there are two stresses involved: thermal stresses due to rapid cooling, and transformation stresses due to the increase in volume from austenite to a martensitic structure.[5] These stresses can be so severe as to cause excessive distortion or even cracks within the section.
The microstructure, melting properties and wettability of Sn–3.5Ag–0.7Cu–xIn lead-free solder alloys
Published in Philosophical Magazine, 2022
Xingguang Chen, Xue Ma, Yuan Deng, Pengfei Gao, Liangfeng Li
The preparation process of the solder alloy has an important influence on the microstructure. On the one hand, the preparation facilities will affect the microstructure of the solder. Gorewoda et al. [27] found that the re-melting and casting in an induction furnace at developed conditions were determined to be a way to obtain samples with fine-grained microstructures, when they studied the microstructural effect limitations in the analysis of Sn–Ag, Sn–Bi and Sn–In lead-free solders by wavelength dispersion X-ray spectrometry. Min et al. [28] reported that the most effective solution for preparing a uniform chemical composition in an ingot was melting in an induction furnace, during which there was intense mixing of melt. On the other hand, the cooling rate of the melt is an important factor affecting the microstructure of the solder alloy. Yang et al. [29] studied the effect of the cooling rate in solidification on the electrical behaviour of solder. Comparison of the cooling rates corresponding to air cooling and ice-water quenching indicated that the microstructure was much finer and the resistivity (DC) was higher by 2.4% for the quenching case. Ma et al. [30] obtained an Sn–Bi–Ag–In solder alloy with a fine microstructure by rapid quenching. Generally, quenching can endow metal materials with fine and uniform microstructure, and thereby improve the mechanical properties of metal materials. Water quenching and air cooling are commonly used cooling methods.
Manufacturability evaluation: a CFD approach for Jominy hardenability test
Published in Materials and Manufacturing Processes, 2018
For any manufacturing that involves heat treatment, especially of steel components, it is essential to know the hardening characteristics of the metal. Hardenability is a very important property of steels and other metal alloys. It is also important in welding, as it is inversely proportional to weldability of the metal. Many different definitions exist for hardenability [1,2]. Basically, it describes the depth up to which a material is hardened at the end of a heat treatment process. It can also be described as the ability of steels to harden due to heat treatment, utilizing austenitization and quenching. Austenitization describes raising the steel to a temperature at which the austenite phase exists. Quenching is a rapid cooling process that allows the formation of the hard martensitic phase in steels [3]. To determine the correct heat treatment procedure and quenchant to be used, the Jominy end quench test is often used [4].
Experimental and statistical analysis of vegetable oil-brine egg yolk emulsion quench on the properties of AISI 4140 steel
Published in Cogent Engineering, 2022
Joel Passanha, Sathyashankara Sharma, Ananda Hegde, Bhagya Lakshmi, Gowri Shankar, Guru Murthy
Steel is commonly used material in various application. Heat treatment and quenching is one of the methods used to improve the mechanical properties of steel. In this study, AISI 4140 steel is subjected to quenching treatment using different oils and quenchants with varying conditions. Emulsions of Coconut, Karanja and Pinnay oil and Brine in different ratios are prepared with and without egg yolk as the emulsifier. The mechanical properties of steel specimens quenched in these emulsions are tested experimentally, analysed statistically and results are validated.