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A Brief History of Energy Recovery from Municipal Solid Waste
Published in Ram K. Gupta, Tuan Anh Nguyen, Energy from Waste, 2022
Debra R. Reinhart, Aditi Podder, Stephanie C. Bolyard
Plasma gasification is also an efficient process in the conversion of MSW to energy or other valuable products that result in greater electricity production and lower emissions when compared to the conventional gasification process. However, this process is associated with high implementation costs, mainly due to the high operating temperature (1,230 °C–1,730 °C). A plasma arc (>5,300 °C) is typically used to produce plasmas of oxygen, steam, or air. If the process is implemented with heterogeneous catalysis, for example, a combination of non-thermal plasma and a selective catalyst, the effective use of plasma can be guaranteed. Also, this combination would be associated with lower temperature requirements, higher synergy potential, reduction in activation energy through the use of catalyst, and enhancements in the conversion of reactants, which would allow high yield to valuable target products [33].
Persistent Organic Pollutants Used for Industrial Purposes: Origins in the Environment
Published in Narendra Kumar, Vertika Shukla, Persistent Organic Pollutants in the Environment, 2021
Brenda Natalia López Niño, Michal Jeremiáš
Plasma gasification can be used for waste melting decomposition and the formation of stable nonleachable products, and it is a destructive treatment for hazardous waste streams. However, the high cost is a concern; the treatment of a waste stream should be compared with other destructive treatments (Tendler et al., 2005). The application of thermal plasma to treatments such as gasification could generate syngas with high heating value and can treat a wide range of heterogeneous and low-caloric-value materials, including hazardous wastes such as PCBs, medical waste, and low-level radioactive waste. However, a considerable part of the impurities is transferred from the waste to the syngas. Therefore, a suitable pathway for their extraction from the gaseous form has to be used before heating or synthesis reactions.
It’s Back to the Future with Microgrids
Published in Stephen A. Roosa, Fundamentals of Microgrids, 2020
Plasma gasification is an extreme thermal process using plasma that converts organic matter into a synthesis gas (syngas) which is primarily composed of hydrogen and carbon monoxide [30]. The process has been compared to passing municipal waste materials through a lightning bolt. A plasma torch powered by an electric arc is used to ionize gas and catalyze organic matter into syngas [30]. The heat from the plasma arc (over 8,000°C), and the intense ultraviolet light of the plasma, result in the complete cracking of tar substances and the breakdown of char materials, creating a synthetic gas [31].
Progress and utilization of biomass gasification for decentralized energy generation: an outlook & critical review
Published in Environmental Technology Reviews, 2023
Deepak Kumar Singh, Reetu Raj, Jeewan Vachan Tirkey, Priyaranjan Jena, Prakash Parthasarathy, Gordon Mckay, Tareq Al-Ansari
Basically, plasma is classified into two categories: thermal and cold plasma. The main difference between both of them is the working condition of pressure. Thermal plasma is generated at ambient pressure, whereas cold plasma is created at vacuum. The gas which is mainly responsible for the thermal plasma is air, H2, N2, gas mixtures, or H2O vapor, along with a temperature of approximately 5000 °C or even higher. AC or DC arc plasma torches generators are mainly employed for plasma gasification. The main purpose of plasma during the process of gasification is to provide an enormous amount of heat and used for tar cracking after the standardized gasification process. The main importance of plasma gasification is to treat hazardous toxic biomass waste as well as to generate high energy density syngas. 268 tonnes of municipal solid waste was gasified per day at a gasification plant fuelled by plasma in Japan and generated 7.90 MWh of electricity [142]. It also transformed generating electricity at an economical cost.
Energy recovery potential and environmental impact of gasification for municipal solid waste
Published in Biofuels, 2019
Barkha Vaish, Bhavisha Sharma, Vaibhav Srivastava, Pooja Singh, M. Hakimi Ibrahim, Rajeev Pratap Singh
The increasing quantity and complexity of solid wastes has made MSW management a challenging task for countries around the world. In addition to this existing problem, shortage of land for landfilling of wastes, unviable disposal techniques, and GHG emission from waste dumps have made management of these wastes all the more important. Utilising the energy recovery potential of MSWs via different WTE techniques such as gasification is fast gaining momentum. MSW gasification is a sustainable and environmentally friendly approach with the dual benefits of MSW management and generation of useful renewable clean energy from these wastes. In this regard, plasma gasification of wastes is a relatively novel technique finding application in several WTE setups across the world (Table 4 ) [117]. Countries such as the USA, Japan, some in Europe, and China and India have deployed advanced facilities for plasma gasification and other thermal technologies for treatment of different waste streams such as MSW, hazardous wastes, medical wastes, industrial waste, construction and demolition debris and so on.
Renewable biofuel production from biomass: a review for biomass pelletization, characterization, and thermal conversion techniques
Published in International Journal of Green Energy, 2018
Manar Younis, Sabla Y. Alnouri, Belal J. Abu Tarboush, Mohammad N. Ahmad
In an updraft gasification system, the biomass feed enters from the upper edge of the reactor, while the air, oxygen, and steam streams enter from the bottom of the reactor, in a counter-current manner. On the other hand, downdraft gasifiers are designed in a co-current manner, in which both the biomass feed and the gasification material flow along the same route. For a fluidized-bed gasifier, energy and species are transferred by an inert or a catalytic agent. As for entrained flow gasifiers, the biomass is present in dust form, where the raw material and air streams are transported co-currently, and the chemical reactions take place at a temperature range of 1300–1500°C, forming a thick cloud of particles (Corella, Toledo, and Molina 2008). Finally, another type of gasification is the plasma gasification system, where plasma serves as a heat source to enhance gasification and tar cracking.