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Plasma Technologies in Preservation of Cultural Heritage
Published in Radko Tiňo, Katarina Vizárová, František Krčma, Milena Reháková, Viera Jančovičová, Zdenka Kozáková, Plasma Technology in the Preservation and Cleaning of Cultural Heritage Objects, 2021
Radko Tiňo, Katarina Vizárová, František Krčma, Milena Reháková, Viera Jančovičová, Zdenka Kozáková
To ensure a proper gaseous mixture flow through the system, the mass flow controllers are the best solution. To be able to vary the gas mixture composition, two separate lines are recommended, although pure hydrogen or a pre-prepared hydrogen–argon mixture is used. The gases should be supplied from high-pressure gas cylinders. Hydrogen also can be prepared directly at the device from water by electrolysis. This solution is better for safety reasons but in this case, hydrogen contains some humidity that can complicate the monitoring of the plasma treatment process (see later).
Fundamentals of Plasma Polishing
Published in V. K. Jain, Advanced Machining Science, 2023
Hari Narayan Singh Yadav, Manjesh Kumar, Manas Das
Plasma is generated using three different gases: He/Ar, O2, and SF6. In the initial stage of the experiment, the gases in the chamber are filled one by one at different flow rates and pressure. The different gases pass through these separate mass flow meters, and the mass flow controller device controls the flow rate. Schematic diagrams of the various cylinders with flow diagrams are shown in Figure 8.12.
Determination of Sulfur-Containing Gases in the Atmosphere (Continuous Method with Flame Photometric Detector): Determination of Sulfur-Containing Gases in the Atmosphere (Following Chromatographic Separation, with the FPD), Determination of Sulfur-Containing Gases in the Atmosphere (Total Gaseous Sulfur with the FPD)
Published in James P. Lodge, Methods of Air Sampling and Analysis, 2017
The flow producing, measuring and regulating system (Figure 709:3) measures and controls the flows of gases to the detector, sampling valves and calibration source. Mass flow controllers are recommended for hydrogen and air flows (the latter indirectly by controlling exhaust gas flows) for stable operation under fluctuating pressure conditions.
Active Control of Fuel Position in Opposed-Flow Strand Burner Experiments
Published in Combustion Science and Technology, 2022
Clayton M. Geipel, Christopher J. Pfützner, Brian T. Fisher
Oxidizer gas was fed to the nozzle through a steel pipe of length 12 cm and inner diameter 1.91 cm. Over a 30-mm streamwise distance, the inner diameter of the nozzle tapered from 19 mm at the inlet to 7.25 mm at the exit. Similar nozzle designs have been used in previous OFB studies (Shark et al. 2014; Young et al. 2010; Young, Roberts, and Dunham 2013). The contoured shape of the nozzle was chosen to produce a top-hat exit velocity profile (Bergthorson et al. 2005), though the exit velocity profile from this nozzle has not been measured. The published accuracy of the mass flow controllers used is 0.8% of the measured mass flow plus 0.2% of the full scale. At the maximum flow used in this experiment, the resulting uncertainty in mass flux through the oxidizer nozzle is . Oxidizer mass fluxes are presented in this paper as oxidizer mass per time, normalized by the cross-sectional area of the nozzle exit.
Experimental and computational investigation of the influence of stoichiometric mixture fraction on structure and extinction of laminar, nonpremixed dimethyl ether flames
Published in Combustion Theory and Modelling, 2019
Gerald Mairinger, Rohit Sanjay Khare, Krithika Narayanaswamy, Martin Hunyadi-Gall, Vasudevan Raghavan, Kalyanasundaram Seshadri
A description of the experimental apparatus is given elsewhere [28]. The counterflow burner used in the experimental study has two ducts—the fuel-duct and the oxidiser-duct. The fuel stream is injected from the fuel-duct, with a speed of towards the mixing layer and the oxidizer stream from the oxidiser-duct, at a speed of . The separation distance between the ducts, mm. All gaseous flowrates are measured by computer-regulated mass flow controllers. The calibrated accuracy of these mass flow controllers is 0.5%. The flow-field is characterised by the strain rate, a, given by [29] The quantities and are the densities of the reactant streams at the exit of the fuel-duct and oxidiser-duct, respectively. The tangential components of the flow velocities at the exit of the ducts are presumed to be equal to zero. It has been established that the value of strain rate, obtained from integration of Euler's equations, is discontinuous across the stagnation plane [29]. The expression shown in Equation (2) is the strain rate on the oxidiser side of the stagnation plane. The strain rate at extinction is represented by .
Experimental Results of PbLi-Water Reaction Performed in LIFUS5/Mod3 Separate Effect Test Facility
Published in Nuclear Technology, 2023
Nicolò Badodi, Antonio Cammi, Marica Eboli, Daniele Martelli, Alessandro Del Nevo
The hydrogen measurement procedure starts after the PbLi and water interaction phase ends and the pressure and temperature inside the vessel have stabilized. The valves on the line between S1B and the analyzer are opened, and the gas flows through a mass flow controller toward the instrument. The purpose of the mass flow controller is to regulate the gas stream and maintain it within the operational boundaries of the analyzer while also measuring the total amount of gas passing through the system.