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Inference from probability and nonprobability samples
Published in Uwe Engel, Anabel Quan-Haase, Sunny Xun Liu, Lars Lyberg, Handbook of Computational Social Science, Volume 2, 2021
Rebecca Andridge, Richard Valliant
Nonprobability surveys capture participants through various methods. The AAPOR task force on nonprobability sampling (Baker et al., 2013a) characterized these samples into three broad types: Convenience samplingSample matchingNetwork sampling Convenience sampling is a form of nonprobability sampling in which easily locating and recruiting participants is the primary consideration. No formal sample design is used. Some types of convenience samples are mall intercepts, volunteer samples, river samples, observational studies, and snowball samples. In a mall intercept sample, interviewers try to recruit shoppers to take part in a study. Usually, neither the malls nor the people are probability samples.
Sample Surveys
Published in Shyama Prasad Mukherjee, A Guide to Research Methodology, 2019
In convenience sampling the ease of identifying, accessing and collecting information from potential participants is the determining consideration. Some common forms of convenience sampling are illustrated in mall-intercept surveys, volunteer surveys, river samples, observational studies and snowball sampling. In mall-intercept studies, every kth customer coming out of a shopping mall (through a particular gate) with a pre-determined k depending on the sample size targeted and available information about the flow of customers into the mall is interviewed. The time taken to fill the target sample size cannot be pre-specified and we can work out reasonable estimates about customers’ behaviours and reactions. However, in some cases the practice is to select haphazardly some customers coming out – maybe successive ones – till the target or quota is filled up. Inferences based on this procedure are likely to be less reasonable than in the first case.
Tapping the Next Purchase: Embracing the Wave of Mobile Payment
Published in Journal of Computer Information Systems, 2022
Hui-Ting Tew, Garry Wei-Han Tan, Xiu-Ming Loh, Voon-Hsien Lee, Wei-Lee Lim, Keng-Boon Ooi
This study utilized a self-administered questionnaire that was developed with reference to past studies. With ranges from (1) strongly disagree to (7) strongly agree, a seven-point Likert scale was utilized to measure the respondents’ opinions on the measurement items. Table 1 lists the questionnaire items and their respective sources. The questionnaires were hand-delivered to the respondents via the mall intercept approach. This approach was adopted as it is efficient, random, and unbiased for the context of this study.14 Under this approach, shoppers who were exiting the shopping mall were intercepted and politely asked if they were willing to participate in the study. Additionally, the prospective respondents were first queried if they own a smartphone before being solicited for their participation in the survey. Responses were only obtained from those who indicated to agree with the question. The questionnaires were collected back as soon as the participants completed every section.
Exploring drivers and outcomes of brand centrality experience: the role of partner quality as moderator
Published in International Journal of Fashion Design, Technology and Education, 2020
The data collection was conducted in Lisbon (Portugal) over four-week period in March and April 2019. The Easter and Spring shopping season provide researchers with easy access to their target consumers at shopping malls. Therefore, the sample was a segment of the general population who bought fast fashion brands. The study used shopping mall intercept field survey methodology to collect data. Trained interviewers approached consumers who had just completed their shopping and were about to leave the shopping malls. Among the consumers approached, those who had experience of buying fast fashion brands at least once a month were asked to participate in a written survey. The original questionnaire was first written in English (because most items were originally in English), then translated to Portuguese and translated again to English. Back translation was employed to ensure that the items in Portuguese and English communicated the same information (Sekaran, 1983). After having prepared the questionnaire, researchers pilot tested the questionnaire with the help of 15 fast fashion consumers to ensure that the questions were understood by the participants and there were no problems with the wording or measurement. Only a few adjustments were made. Then the questionnaire was distributed.
On the road – listening to data subjects’ personal mobility data privacy concerns
Published in Behaviour & Information Technology, 2018
Several researchers have investigated data subjects’ concerns about their personal data disclosure. Different ways to evaluate information privacy concerns have also been proposed. In the beginning of the 1990s, Culnan (1993) surveyed students’ attitudes towards the secondary usage of their personal information for the purpose of direct marketing by organisations dealing with commercial transaction data. The students had enrolled in an undergraduate course in information systems in the US, the majority of them having engaged in activities (e.g. subscribing to a magazine or ordering by mail) that resulted in personal data disclosure. Based on the results, Culnan identified a two-dimensional privacy concern construct, comprising loss of control over the information and unauthorised secondary use of the information. A few years later, Smith, Milberg, and Burke (1996) developed and validated an instrument for evaluating individuals’ concerns about organisational information practices related to their personal data usage by the companies collecting their data. The authors derived their instrument iteratively from the existing literature, legislation and privacy advocates’ writings. For the final validation of the instrument, graduate business students attending four US universities were surveyed. Based on these data, Smith, Milberg, and Burke identified four primary dimensions of data subjects’ information privacy concerns. One of these dimensions – secondary use of information, both within an organisation and externally (i.e. disclosing information to another organisation), without the data subjects’ authorisation – was similar to the unauthorised secondary use found by Culnan. The three other dimensions noted by Smith, Milberg, and Burke were defined as follows: data collection (i.e. whether data about a data subject are collected excessively), improper access to personal information (i.e. within an organisation, whether an employee without the ‘need to know’ is able to access personal information stored in the files) and errors in personal data, such as accidental mistakes or obsolete data. Stewart and Segars (2002) further developed Smith, Milberg, and Burke's instrument, aiming at improved comparison, accumulation and synthesis of findings across studies on information privacy. They collected their survey data by using the mall-intercept approach in four US sites (i.e. they approached and interviewed people in these malls). Their study's results suggest that data subjects’ information privacy concerns are more complex than previously thought – data subjects are concerned about all of the dimensions of organisational information practices simultaneously, rather than any dimension in particular. The authors also found interrelationships among the separate dimensions, and the control dimension (originally proposed by Culnan) might account for these interrelationships.