China 
Africa 
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
*
Published in Michael L. Madigan, HAZMAT Guide for First Responders, 2017
The first step in an extrication is to stabilize the vehicle to prevent aggravating the injuries of the entrapped and to protect rescue workers. This is done by stabilization tools: Hydraulic and nonhydraulic jacks—designed to lift the vehicle, so cribbing can be placed. A vehicle must never be supported by just a jack and must be supported by cribbing. One inch of cribbing must be placed for every inch the jack lifts.Buttress Tension System—a buttress tension system is used to stabilize a vehicle resting on its side or top. It may consist of a minimum of three 4 × 4 inch posts wedged between the vehicle and the ground, or it may be a system composed of metal rods and straps. The exact placement varies by the condition and weight of the vehicle as well as what the vehicle is resting on.Wheel chock—Wheel chocks are used to stabilize vehicles resting on their wheels. They can support vehicles of a 10%–15% grade. They are commonly constructed of aluminum, hard rubber, wood, or urethane plastic.Cribbing—Cribbing consists of wood or plastic blocks that are made in a variety of shapes and sizes.Pneumatic Lifting Bag—Pneumatic lifting bags are air-pressurized devices that lift objects. They come in three basic types: high pressure, medium pressure, and low pressure. They are usually made with a rubber exterior reinforced with steel wire or Kevlar. When deflated, they are about one-inch thick.Winch—Winches are mounted on vehicles and are typically faster, stronger, and have a greater pulling distance than other pulling devices. They are used in conjunction with chains or cables.
Design of a wreck removal method considering safety and economy
Published in Ships and Offshore Structures, 2020
Joo-Pil Lee, Myung-Il Roh, Hye-Won Lee, Seung-Ho Ham
Buoyancy that is caused by the thickness of the hull (Bhull) is the buoyancy of the steel plate, the amount of air trapped in the water, and the size of the watertight tank. It is calculated by multiplying the seawater density ( ) and the displaced volumes of the steel plate (Vsteel) and the air volumes inside watertight tanks (Vtank) (Eq. 8).The buoyancy of the hull material disappears when the hull comes out to the surface. In this study, to reflect the loss of buoyancy, the buoyancy of the entire hull material was reduced by calculating the ratio of the volume out of the current water surface to the total volume of the hull. Buoyancy by an additional lifting bag (Blifting bag) is additional buoyancy materials for reducing total lifting force. The types of lifting bags are the water drop type and the cylindrical type. Lifting bag buoyancy is calculated by multiplying the seawater density and the displaced volumes of the lifting bags (Eq. 9).