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Engineering Thermodynamics
Published in Raj P. Chhabra, CRC Handbook of Thermal Engineering Second Edition, 2017
Michael J. Moran, George Tsatsaronis
The capital needed to purchase the land, build all the necessary facilities, and purchase and install the required machinery and equipment for a system is called fixed-capital investment. The fixed-capital investment represents the total system cost, assuming a zero-time design, and construction period (overnight construction). The total capital investment is the sum of the fixed-capital investment and other outlays (e.g., startup costs, working capital, costs of licensing, research and development, as well as interest during construction).
Concepts and Inputs
Published in Henry C. Thorne, Julian A. Piekarski, Techniques for Capital Expenditure Analysis, 1995
Henry C. Thorne, Julian A. Piekarski
As development work approaches completion, a commercial plant will be built, assuming that the project is still attractive. The first thing required once project approval is obtained is fixed capital to build the plant. Fixed capital includes land, plant equipment, and all other costs incident to getting the property in place and in operating condition, including legal costs, purchased patents, and paid-up licenses.
Techno-economic analysis of integrated torrefaction and pelleting process
Published in International Journal of Green Energy, 2023
Ishita Goyal, Anjali Prasad, Shushil Kumar, Deepak K Ojha
The total investment is the money required for construction, commissioning, and starting a plant (James 1988). It comprises fixed capital cost, working capital cost, and start-up cost. Fixed capital cost refers to the assets and capital investments, such as property, plant, and equipment, that are needed to establish a new factory (Afsal et al. 2020). Working capital refers to the capital required to carry out business. It includes raw material inventory, in-process inventory, product inventory, extended credit, and available cash. The start-up cost refers to the sum of those one-time expenses incurred when the process is brought on stream. The total investment for the proposed process plant is estimated to be around 1.45 M$. Table 2 shows various cost components of the process.
Backshoring and improved key manufacturing resources in firms’ home location
Published in International Journal of Production Research, 2020
Jesús F. Lampón, Javier González-Benito
For manufacturing resources relating to facilities, the RBV literature has identified the firm’s physical capital as a strategic resource for achieving performance. Capital intensity is used as a variable of the firm’s total capital measured as fixed capital over the number of employees (Pennings and Sleuwaegen 2000; Sleuwaegen and Pennings 2006). Fixed capital includes land, buildings, machinery and equipment, furniture, vehicles, and others. In our research, the fixed capital analysed is specifically related to the production process. We use the variable capital intensity, measured by the value of machinery and equipment over the number of employees (Hamblin and Iyer 1996; Lampón, Lago-Peñas, and Cabanelas 2016). A high value for this variable means the production process is intensive in terms of production assets.