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Forging a more centralized GCC renewable energy policy
Published in Hisham M. Akhonbay, The Economics of Renewable Energy in the Gulf, 2018
Omar Al-Ubaydli, Ghada Abdulla, Lama Yaseen
Economic integration confers a variety of benefits upon the integrating countries, most notably a larger opportunity to exploit economies of scale, and greater efficiency resulting from higher competition (Baldwin and Venables 1995). The prevailing exemplar for economic integration without full political integration, as reflected in improved levels of technical efficiency and better prices for consumers, is the European Single Market (Allen et al. 1998). But this approach also requires fiscal transfers to underperforming regions.
Potpourri
Published in Mark J. Kaiser, Arno de Klerk, James H. Gary, Glenn E. Hwerk, Petroleum Refining, 2019
Mark J. Kaiser, Arno de Klerk, James H. Gary, Glenn E. Hwerk
Economic integration can help diversify a company’s earnings and cash flow. Typically, when upstream profits are high (high crude prices generate high revenues from production), refining profits are low (high feedstock costs depress refining margins), and vice versa, when crude prices are low refining profits are high and upstream segments are depressed. Marketing earnings tend to be more stable than earnings from refining, and refineries with no retail marketing segment generally exhibit greater margin volatility than companies with retail operations.
Irish construction cross border trade and Brexit: Practitioner perceptions on the periphery of Europe
Published in Construction Management and Economics, 2020
Tara Brooks, Lloyd Scott, John P. Spillane, Katy Hayward
The process of integration and disintegration in Europe is not static, “it has been going on all through modern European history” Molle (2006, p. 27). Economic integration occurs through the removal of economic barriers between states such that they move towards trading as one unit. This leads to greater competition and efficiency in the larger unit as regional specialisation increases (Krugman and Venables 1996), and productivity gains are achieved, leading to lower prices for consumers (Haas 1958, Balassa 1986, Molle 2006). Technical progress drives integration – production becomes more efficient, transport easier, communication gets easier and the movement of capital more seamless. Increased competition in turn drives innovation.