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Hygiene and cleanliness in pig buildings as preventive medicine to ensure healthier animals
Published in Thomas Banhazi, Andres Aland, Jörg Hartung, Air Quality and Livestock Farming, 2018
Then comes the wet cleaning phase. It should start soon after removal of the animals to prevent the dirt from drying and begins with soaking. The goal is to soften the dirt and make it easier to remove from the surfaces during the later steps. Soaking should not require too much water. The recommended amounts range from 1.5 to 6 L m–², depending on the target situation (surface roughness, level and type of dirt) (Madec, 2013). The recommended duration of soaking also varies from about 3 h to sequences of successive moistening over a 12-hour period using automatic sprinklers. During or soon after this step, it is highly recommended to use a degreaser, particularly in rooms where organic matter has been accumulating for several weeks (e.g., fattening rooms). Banhazi and Santhanam (2013) showed that the use of degreasers significantly improves the cleanliness of concrete floors but that the contact surface time is important, so it is necessary to comply with supplier guidelines (around 30 to 60 minutes). The aim of the degreaser is to help loosen the dirt either at the start of soaking or just at the end of this phase. It should be remembered that detergents mainly act on dirt, whereas disinfectants focus on microorganisms.
Metalforming Applications
Published in Jerry P. Byers, Metalworking Fluids, Third Edition, 2018
Straight oil-type products have historically been removed through vapor degreasers. A vapor degreasing process uses vapors of a solvent such as boiling 1,1,1-trichloroethane. The vapors solubilize and remove the oily residue on the part. The presence of water in the residue will decrease the efficiency of a vapor-degreasing solvent. Today, the use of vapor degreasers is being drastically reduced due to environmental and operator safety concerns. The future availability of these cleaning systems is doubtful.
Assembly Techniques
Published in Roydn D. Jones, Hybrid Circuit Design and Manufacture, 2020
Cleaning After Soldering. After soldering, flux residues and other potential contaminants are removed by solvent cleaning. As thick-film substrate and films are generally impervious to attack by most common solvents, the selection of a cleaning solvent is dictated by the attached components, economics, and environmental restrictions. Trichloroethylene is widely used as a cleaning solvent. Vapor degreasers and ultrasonic degreasers are used to ensure reliable cleaning.
Surface alignment of nematic liquid crystals by direct laser writing of photopolymer alignment layers
Published in Liquid Crystals, 2023
Uroš Jagodič, Mahendran Vellaichamy, Miha Škarabot, Igor Muševič
We used 150 μm thick glass slides with 30 nm ITO coating (produced by Diamond Coatings Ltd), which provides good optical contrast of the glass-IPS resin interface for an efficient auto-focusing of the Nanoscribe printer. The substrates are thoroughly cleaned with lint free cloths, isopropanol and acetone, after which they are sonicated for 30 min in detergent (Hellmanex III, Hellma Analytics) baths. After sonication, the substrates are thoroughly rinsed with DI water and dried in an isopropanol vapour degreaser. To enhance the adhesion, the glasses are then baked at 110°C for 30 min to remove surface water and are further placed under a UV plasma for 5 min to remove any organic material. Immediately after the plasma treatment, a small amount of IP-S/IP-L/IP-n162 resin (Nanoscribe GmbH) is drop-casted onto the glass substrate. The so-prepared substrate is glued onto the substrate holder and placed into the GT2 Photonic Professional for printing.
Effect of water flow on the release flux of dense non-aqueous phase liquids from the riverbed–take dichloromethane as an example
Published in Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A, 2021
Yi Zhang, Longxi Han, Bo Chen, Chenfang Wang
DCM is a DNAPL contaminant used as a paint solvent, metal degreaser, and raw material for manufacturing photosensitive materials. In 2017, it was identified as a category 2 A carcinogen by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) of the World Health Organization (WHO). In 2018 and 2019, it was successively added to the lists of toxic and hazardous air pollutants as well as toxic and hazardous water pollutants in China. In recent years, its usage has augmented continuously, and the demand has risen substantially.[32] Furthermore, a recent forecast provided by the DCM industry suggests that its import and export trade volumes will continue growing in the next five years.[33] This increases the potential risk of accidents during its production, transportation, and handling. In this study, we chose analytical reagent grade DCM for experimental investigation. The physical and chemical ADCM parameters are listed in Table 1.
Process optimization for pre-treatment and dyeing one bath of viscose fabric with enzyme in cold pad-batch
Published in The Journal of The Textile Institute, 2018
Yuanzhao Zhu, Weitao Zhou, Pei Xiao, Yanan Zhao, Xinmei Guan, Zhenfang Chang, Zhengping Xia, Qing Wang
The plain-weave viscose gray fabric, 106 g m−2, warp density and weft density are all 240 picks/10 cm, was provided by Shu Feng Printing and Dyeing Co. Ltd (Shaoxing, China). A commercial dye named Reactive Scarlet FD (MCT-VS) was used, supplied by the Zhejiang Runtu Co. Ltd, China. The efficient enzyme Genencor WT840 was obtained from Genencor (China) Biological Engineering Co. Ltd. And the degreaser PTO and anti-staining agent DSA were our self-made, where the degreaser PTO includes Fatty alcohol polyoxyethylene ether sodium sulfate (AES), Fatty alcohol polyoxyethylene ether (AEO-9) and organic solvent, the anti-staining agent DSA includes Sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate, diatomite, sodium bicarbonate, sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC). Others used for the pre-treatment and dyeing of viscose fabric contain anhydrous sodium carbonate, anhydrous sodium sulfate and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) were of analytical grade and used without further purification.