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Central and local government
Published in Carrie de Silva, Jennifer Charlson, Jill Dickinson, Stephen Hardy, Emma Pierce-Jenkins, Mark Simcock, Galbraith’s Construction and Land Management Law for Students, 2020
These consist of 16 to 50 members who are chosen to reflect the political strength of each party in the House. A government with a large majority will, therefore, enjoy a large majority in these committees. The actual members for each committee are chosen by the Committee on Selection, which is a select committee. The chairman of the standing committee will be chosen by the Speaker from a panel of members which is selected at the start of the parliamentary session. The main task of the standing committee is to consider amendments to individual clauses of the bill before them. This is the first time that the specific terms of the bill will be given detailed clause by clause consideration. Because of the number of votes on amendments, many of them of critical importance to the government if the substance of its policy is to be actively carried through, the whip system operates fully over the activities of public bill committees.
Who Creates Standards?
Published in Ivana Špelić, Alka Mihelić-Bogdanić, Anica Hursa Šajatović, Standard Methods for Thermal Comfort Assessment of Clothing, 2019
Ivana Špelić, Alka Mihelić-Bogdanić, Anica Hursa Šajatović
The development of a particular standard is the responsibility of a single technical committee while the final working draft is assigned to either a subcommittee or a working group of the parent committee. When there is a significant amount of relatively unrelated work being undertaken, the work is divided through separate, semi-autonomous subcommittees. The subcommittees make their own decisions, such as approving new work item proposals, approving committee drafts, establishing and disbanding working groups and so on. Each technical committee and subcommittee has its own chairman and secretary. Underneath each subcommittee, there is a number of working groups in which related work items are developed. The drafting of standards takes place in project groups, which are usually grouped into working groups that have responsibility for a particular aspect of the work of the technical committee or subcommittee (Hatto, 2001).
The role of the engineer
Published in Mike Tooley, Engineering A Level, 2006
Both approaches have their merits, but each of them omit important aspects, hence the idea that a coordinated approach would be better. With this approach the needs of the market are considered at the same time as the needs of the production operation and of design and development. In many businesses this inter-functional system works best, since the functions of R&D, production, marketing, purchasing, quality control and material control are all taken into account. However, its success depends on how well the interface between these functions is managed and integrated. Sometimes committees are used, as are matrix structures or task forces (the latter being set up especially to see in new product developments). In some parts of the motor industry a function called programme timing coordinates the activities of the major functions by agreeing and setting target dates and events using network planning techniques.
The Best Place to Be? Experiences of Older Adults Living in Canadian Cohousing Communities During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Published in Journal of Aging and Environment, 2022
Lori E. Weeks, Catherine Bigonnesse, Viraji Rupasinghe, Alisson Haché-Chiasson, Suzanne Dupuis-Blanchard, Katherine Harman, Gloria McInnis-Perry, Mario Paris, Vivian Puplampu, Margaret Critchlow
Many of the participants identified significant concerns related to some members not choosing to be vaccinated for COVID-19, and this had negative impacts on relationships. Older adults may have been particularly distressed due to greater negative implications for them if they contracted the virus, compared to younger people (Public Health Agency of Canada, 2022). Having some members of the community not getting vaccinated and not wanting to follow infection control practices challenged participants greatly. As a form of intentional community, various collaborative processes are used in decision-making. These processes include community-wide consensus needed for each decision and sociocracy, in which smaller circles or committees are empowered to make decisions for the community (Sanford, 2017; The Sociocracy Group, 2022). For intentional communities to operate effectively, a common set of basic values should inform the decision-making process and choosing to not get vaccinated emerged as a key area that could create challenges in working together for the common good of the community.
Understanding the decision-making structures, roles and actions of village-level water committees in Fiji
Published in International Journal of Water Resources Development, 2022
Sarah Nelson, Seye Abimbola, Sangeeta Mangubhai, Aaron Jenkins, Stacy Jupiter, Kelera Naivalu, Vilisi Naivalulevu, Joel Negin
Increasingly, there is a push for greater community engagement and inclusion in decision-making around water as a fundamental human right, and because local participation can also promote resource protection and sustainability (Jiménez et al., 2019). Communities have been shown to perform roles in water self-governance and fill the roles of water management in the absence of government bodies (McNamara & Prasad, 2014; Wutich et al., 2012). Community water committees play decision-making roles in the management and operation of water systems, fund management, and development of water safety plans (Abdullaev et al., 2010; Anthonj et al., 2018; Arku et al., 2011; Belmar et al., 2016; Ganesh et al., 2013; White et al., 2015). Internal and external mechanisms, such as reporting and meetings, play a role in holding committees and their members accountable for their actions and decisions (Klug et al., 2017; Morinville & Harris, 2014). However, this work requires skills and technical knowledge (e.g., about infrastructure repair) and is influenced by committee leadership, age, member motivation, location, gender and cultural responsibilities (Belmar et al., 2016; Crocker et al., 2016; Kelly et al., 2017; Kema et al., 2012). These factors shape who can make decisions, what roles they can take and what types of actions can occur (Anthonj et al., 2018; Jones, 2011; Padawangi, 2010).
France’s performance vis-a-vis the 12 OECD Principles on Water Governance
Published in Water International, 2022
Bernard Barraqué, Rémi Barbier, Patrick Laigneau
The functioning of these committees is based on consensus. It has been observed that consensuses met in the meetings were loose and not strong ones: members passively adopted measures that were not very constraining. But with the rise of NGOs’ claims for more transparency, there are now more debates. What might also appear discouraging is the fact that implementation of plans such as SAGE, where stakeholders have spent time and effort, remains slow and sometimes quite insufficient. There is always a tendency for those who have power to organize formal stakeholder participation and engagement to show their goodwill, but then to decide otherwise. One of the avenues for improvement is to complement the participation of users in basin institutions with that of citizens, as has been tried out locally (Hassenforder & Ferrand, 2021), and to broaden the issues under discussion.17