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Waste Product Profiles
Published in John T. Aquino, Waste Age/Recycling Times’, 2020
Corrugated boxes (also known as old corrugated containers, or OCC) are used to ship products to factories, warehouses, retail stores, offices, and homes. Corrugated boxes usually have a fluted corrugated medium sandwiched between layers of linerboard. The term “corrugated” also refers to cuttings generated from the manufacturing of corrugated containers. Corrugated boxes are often mistakenly referred to as “cardboard” boxes.
Minimum cuboid estimation of irregular shape products for reducing box packaging waste by using vision-based measurement
Published in Instrumentation Science & Technology, 2023
Sungmin Kwon, Jimmy Kwon, Dongsoo Kim
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) reports that trashed packaging makes up a large portion of municipal solid waste (MSW) – commonly known as trash or garbage of everyday items – amounting to 82.2 million tons of generation in 2018 (28.1% of total generation).[1,2] As online shopping progresses and popularizes in the pandemic, more MSW box deliveries are utilized by online shopping sites. Packaging waste frequently occurs from irregular shapes that do not fit a particular box. Alhough online sellers have tried right-sized packaging that minimizes waste using a scientific approach, packaging optimization is still one of the biggest challenges in the world. Products must be delivered safely and efficiently, so choosing an optimal cardboard box is of the utmost importance for the distributor. This packaging must be delivered from the manufacturer, warehouse, or in-store fulfillment center to the final destination of the consumer while also ensuring damage-free delivery.[3–5]Figure 1 illustrates real packaging examples of a frying pan and a coffee dripper, demonstrating wasteful packaging by online sellers due to inefficient-sized box packaging.
Investigation of particle transfer to sampler covers during the transportation of samples
Published in Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene, 2021
Godwin Erekaife, Hae Dong Park, Michael L. Kashon, William P. Chisholm, Eun Gyung Lee
After sampling, wood dust samples (128 samples plus six field blanks per sampler type) were divided evenly into two groups for either air or land transportation. For welding fume samples, samples with an odd number of runs (72 samples = 4 samplers per set × 3 sets per run × 6 runs) were transported by land, while samples with an even number of runs (60 samples = 4 samplers per set × 3 sets per run × 5 runs) were transported by air; for each transportation method, three field blanks per sampler type were included. For the samples of CFC and CFC with Accu-CAP (or Solu-Sert) inserts, the sampler covers were placed tightly on both inlet and outlet orifices of the samplers without removing the filters or inserts. Similarly, for DIS samples, the sampler covers and the outlet plugs were secured on the samplers without removing the capsules from the housing body (Figure 1). For IOM samples, each filter capsule with its filter was removed from the housing body, covered with the corresponding sampler cover, and secured with the supplied bracket. All samples of each group were placed upright in a cardboard box. Antistatic packing peanuts were used to secure the samples during transport, and a sticker, which said “fragile,” was placed on each box. Both land and air transport boxes were prepared identically.
The effects of handle height and load on lifting task
Published in Journal of Industrial and Production Engineering, 2020
The apparatus of this experiment included lifting box, gyroscope, and EMG equipment. The lifting box was a 2.5 kg cardboard box (50 cm length × 30 cm width × 60 cm height). Three pairs of cutout handles (9 cm long and 3 cm high) located at both box widths side and centered at 10 cm, 30 cm, and 50 cm heights from the box bottom. Figure 1 shows the schematic picture of the lifting box. The gyroscope (Xsens Technologies B.V., MTX-28A53G25) was equipped on the top of the lifting box for collecting box tilt angle at a rate of 100 Hz during the lifting. The MyoScan-Pro electromyographic (EMG) equipment with BioGraph and ProComp+ computer software (Thought Technology LTD. Montreal, Quebec, Canada) was used to record the muscular activities. The EMG signals were collected, amplified, filtered (bandpass 20–500 Hz), rectified, and processed to provide the root mean square (RMS) EMG sampled at a rate of 32 Hz for analysis.