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Acoustics and acoustic devices
Published in Michael Talbot-Smith, Audio Engineer's Reference Book, 2012
ear responses are required to affect the microphone output, since the aim is often to measure noise levels in a situation as close to that of human perception as possible, without the intention to replay that noise again on headphones. For this reason B&K makes two `head and torso simulators', one for binaural recording and one for measurement (Type 4128). As described in Section 2.5, Theile has suggested a standard equalization characteristic for headphones to be used in high-quality listening, in an attempt to solve the difficulties outlined above. Although not simulating all the head effects, a convincing binaural recording may be made using two microphones spaced apart by the ear distance (15–20 cm) and separated by a wooden or perspex baffle with a diameter of around 25 cm. This approximates to the shadowing and delaying effects of a real head.
Sensory Evaluation in Practice
Published in Nick Zacharov, Sensory Evaluation of Sound, 2018
Torben Holm Pedersen, Nick Zacharov
Recording techniques should be chosen according to the intended reproduction mode. Binaural recording techniques are widely used, using dummy heads or head and torso simulators (HATS). This gives a realistic impression of the recorded sounds both in the timbral and to some extent also in the spatial domain. It is a rather easy way of making recordings but it requires a special mannequin for the recordings. An artificial head and torso with microphones in the carefully designed artificial ears is used. With a good artificial head the diffraction of the incoming sound waves are similar to the ones with a real person placed in the sound field. The microphones in the ears will register the same sound waves as a person would hear.
Two-channel stereo and binaural audio
Published in Francis Rumsey, Spatial Audio, 2012
If the full 3D cues of the original binaural recording are to be conveyed over loudspeakers, some additional processing is required. If the left ear is to be presented only with the left channel signal and the right ear with the right channel signal then some means of removing the interaural crosstalk is required. This is often referred to as crosstalk cancelling or ‘transaural’ processing. Put crudely, transaural crosstalk-cancelling systems perform this task by feeding an anti-phase version of the left channel's signal into the right channel and vice versa, filtered and delayed according to the HRTF characteristic representing the crosstalk path, as shown in Figure 3.12.
Self-identification with a Virtual Experience and Its Moderating Effect on Self-efficacy and Presence
Published in International Journal of Human–Computer Interaction, 2020
Ni Kang, Ding Ding, M. Birna Van Riemsdijk, Nexhmedin Morina, Mark A. Neerincx, Willem-Paul Brinkman
The experiment included two sessions. In the first session, participants were first asked to fill in the measurements of self-efficacy, self-esteem, PRCS, and ITQ. Afterward the speaking voices of the virtual interviewee used later in the vicarious experience were recorded. This was done for all participants. To prepare the speaking voice of the virtual interviewee, each participant was asked to read aloud a piece of text provided by the experimenter, and the reading was audio recorded with a pair of binaural microphones (Roland CS-10EM) worn by the participant. The binaural recording included spatial information of the sound sources, thereby creating a three-dimensional sound sensation for the listener. Thus, the recorded audio was supposed to sound similar to what the participant hears when he or she gives a presentation. They were instructed to read the text at a moderate speed as if they were explaining something to children in a primary school. The text included three topics on elementary arithmetic: fraction, multiplication, and division. However, the sentences from the three topics were mixed together and disarranged so that it became difficult for people to figure out the storyline, thereby minimizing the chance that the participants memorized the content. The participants were also requested to introduce themselves such as by name, occupation, and age. This audio introduction was used when the virtual interviewee introduce itself in the high-level condition.