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Applications of Nanoparticles for Optical Modulation of Neuronal Behavior
Published in Francesco S. Pavone, Shy Shoham, Handbook of Neurophotonics, 2020
Chiara Paviolo, Shaun Gietman, Daniela Duc, Simon E. Moulton, Paul R. Stoddart
A wide range of nanoparticles have been utilized for their photothermal properties, with the different families of heating nanoparticles described in the review by Jaque et al. [26]. Au NPs have received particular attention as a photothermal material, owing to their unique properties that include optical response, chemical and physical stability, relatively low toxicity and wide range of possible surface functionalizations [23,27]. For example, functionalization with specific ligands allows cellular and molecular specificity, which enables the interaction with target cells and tissues in controlled ways. Thus, Au NPs have been engineered to bind to voltage-gated sodium channels, transient receptor potential vanilloid member 1 (TRPV1) channels, and P2X3 receptor ion channels in dorsal root ganglion neurons [28].
Product Quality and Process
Published in Wei-Shou Hu, Cell Culture Bioprocess Engineering, 2020
Bioassays that quantify the biological activity of the protein using cultured cells are the most relevant evaluation of the product short of using animals. It enables the effect of changes in the protein on its biological activities to be quantitatively evaluated. But an effective bioassay is also difficult and time-consuming to develop. It relies on a good understanding of the mechanism of actions of the drug. An example is shown in Figure 4.8a and b that depicts the assay of antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) and complement-mediated cytotoxicity (CMC). In ADCC, an assay of two types of cells, effector cell and target cell, are used. The target cell expresses the antigen that is recognized by the antibody. The binding of the antibody to the target cell recruits the killer cell, which exerts cytotoxic action on the target cells. In CMC, the antibody binding to the antigen on the surface of the target cell recruits complements. The binding of the complement to the target cell then elicits complement-mediated cell lysis. With an effective bioassay, one can evaluate the activity at different doses of the antibody (Figure 4.8c). Consistent kinetic behavior in a bioassay assures the quality of the product. If a product batch is shown to have an altered behavior as shown in the response curve of a bioassay, further investigation is called for.
Terpenoids: The Biological Key Molecules
Published in Dijendra Nath Roy, Terpenoids Against Human Diseases, 2019
Moumita Majumdar, Dijendra Nath Roy
The primary need of our body for glucose is primarily met by the uninterrupted supply of the raw material via the insulin receptor signalling pathway. Insulin hormone, secreted by the pancreatic beta cells, is peptide in nature. It acts through binding with membrane receptors located on the target cells. The largest number of insulin receptors are found in the liver for storing glycogen and in skeletal muscle, brain cells and fat cells for promoting glucose transport via the glucose transporter type 4 (GLUT4) receptor molecule and stimulating them with its pleiotropic effects (De Meyts 2016). Impairment in the coordination of insulin and its receptor or the scarcity of insulin causes diabetes with elevated blood glucose levels. Terpenoids have some interfering role in this signalling pathway. In recent years, it has been noted that monoterpenoids have some in vivo and in vitro protective roles against diabetic conditions.
Introducing a bionanocomposite (Ultrasound-assisted synthesis of Ag nanoparticles embedded Aloe vera gel) for the treatment of cervical carcinoma
Published in Journal of Experimental Nanoscience, 2022
Jing Yan, Bikash Karmakar, Mohamed Samir A. Zaki, Rihab Osman, Asim M. Abdalla, Ali A. Shati, Attalla F. El-kott, Fatimah M. Yousef, Sarah S. Aggad, Gaber El-Saber Batiha
Nanoparticles are designed in such a way that they can carry a higher dose of medicine with them and deliver it to the target area that is affected by cancer. In fact, these particles are not a threat to healthy body cells and only affect cancer cells and destroy them [31–35]. This method is considered a targeted treatment that attacks only the target cells and acts selectively. By this method on several patients, positive and satisfactory results have been obtained, which can be considered as part of the great developments of medical science in the field of cancer treatment [32–34].