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Chemical Terrorist Agents
Published in Robert A. Burke, Counter-Terrorism for Emergency Responders, 2017
Toxic dose low (TDLO): The lowest dose of a substance introduced by any route, other than inhalation, over any given period of time, and reported to produce any toxic effect in humans or to produce tumorigenic or reproductive effects in animals.
Evaluating risk, exposure, and detection capabilities for chemical threats in water
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A, 2022
Marisa Pfohl, Erin Silvestri, John C. Lipscomb, Emily Snyder, Stuart Willison
VX degrades in water to produce EA-2192, diisopropylethyl mercaptoamine (DESH) and ethyl methylphosphonic acid (EMPA), with the degree to which these substances are formed depending upon pH of the water (Munro et al. 1999). DESH further reacts to form EA-4196 and bis(2-diisopropylaminoethyl) sulfide. EA-2192 forms at pHs from 7 to 10 and is also a cholinesterase inhibitor. VX has a lowest toxic oral dose (TDLO) in humans of 4 µg/kg (Sidell and Groff 1974). When comparing animal LD50s for intravenous routes, VX (U.S. Department of the Army (DOA) 1974) is less than 2-fold as toxic as EA-2192 in rabbits (Horton 1962). Therefore, when assessing acute toxicity of VX due to a water system contamination incident, EA-2192 needs to be considered.
Risk assessment of lithium-ion battery explosion: chemical leakages
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part B, 2018
Yoo Jung Park, Min Kook Kim, Hyung Sik Kim, Byung Mu Lee
Lowest published toxic dose, 50% (TDLo50) of 143 mg/kg following oral administration to humans resulted in cardiac arrhythmias, elevated blood pressure, changes in the urinary duct, and acute renal failure, as well as acute coronary necrosis (RETCS 2008) (Table 5).