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Chapter 5
Published in Pearson Frederick, Map Projections:, 2018
A state plane coordinate system provides a convenient means of locating mapping positions on the planar mapping surface. The state plane systems are based on a rectangular grid defined for each state of the U.S. These systems permit the methods of plane surveying to be extended over great distances. At the same time, a precision approaching that of geodetic surveying is maintained.
Creating a virtual reality environment with a fusion of sUAS and TLS point-clouds
Published in International Journal of Image and Data Fusion, 2020
Dimitrios Bolkas, Jeffrey Chiampi, John Chapman, Vincent F. Pavill
The study area is part of the Pennsylvania State University, Wilkes-Barre Campus in Lehman, PA. It includes the Bell Technology Centre, which is the building that hosts the surveying engineering department, and the Friedman Observatory (Figure 6). Many surveying engineering laboratories take place at the fields in the north side of the Bell Technology Centre. TLS and sUAS registration, in a common coordinate system, were achieved through a network of 23 control points (see circles in Figure 6(a)). Thirteen of the control points are pre-existing survey monuments and 10 points were created as nails driven into asphalt. Their baselines were observed in 2017 using three Leica 15 Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) units in static mode, which simultaneously collected observations for at least 10 min (Bolkas et al. 2019). Their post-adjustment standard deviations were 1–2 mm for easting, northing, and elevation. Such quality values, derived from GNSS processing software, can often be overoptimistic; therefore, we consider the network’s accuracy to be better than 1 cm. This is a safe assumption because comparison of sUAS and TLS elevation models in flat areas (parking lots) using the same GNSS network was as good as ~1 cm (see Bolkas 2019). The coordinate system used was the North American Datum 1983 2011 [NAD 83 (2011)], State Plane Coordinate System, Pennsylvania North Zone.