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Principles of Surveying
Published in P.K. Jayasree, K Balan, V Rani, Practical Civil Engineering, 2021
P.K. Jayasree, K Balan, V Rani
A GIS is a scheme capable of capturing, store, manipulate, evaluate, handle, and exhibit all types of spatial or geographical information. The word implies any data system that combines geographical information edits, analyzes, stores, shares, and displays. GIS applications are tools that allow users to create customizable queries (user-created searches), formatting map information, examine spatial information, and report the results of all these activities. The science of geographical information is the science behind geographical concepts, applications, and systems. GIS has several applications referring to planning, engineering, transport/logistics, telecommunications, insurance, business, and management. GIS and location intelligence programs can thus serve as the basis for many location-enabled services based on analysis and visualization. By using location as a key index variable, GIS can relate any unrelated data. Locations or extents in the space-time of the Earth can be reported as occurrence dates and x, y, and z coordinates, portraying longitude, latitude, and elevation. All spatial-temporal locations and references to extent based solely on Earth must ideally be linked to each other and ultimately to a “real” physical location or extent. This major feature of the GIS has begun to open up new possibilities for scientific research.
Privacy towards GIS Based Intelligent Tourism Recommender System in Big Data Analytics
Published in Siddhartha Bhattacharyya, Václav Snášel, Indrajit Pan, Debashis De, Hybrid Computational Intelligence, 2019
Abhaya Kumar Sahoo, Chittaranjan Pradhan, Siddhartha Bhattacharyya
Geographical information system (GIS) is a system which is used to capture, store, manipulate and analyze the spatial or geographic data. It is attached to the tourism sector. The GIS is mainly designed using three servers such as database server, web server and GIS server. GIS refers to different processes which relate unrelated information by taking location as a key index variable. Web server works on SNS, accesses the GIS server, whereas database server integrates all the functions [6]. In SNS, the details of system configuration are performed to suit the regional characteristics of a region. In TRS, GIS is used to identify proper tourist locations and feeds information to a recommender system so that TRS keeps track of all information related to different tourist spots and services [4, 7, 16].
Force-System Resultants and Equilibrium
Published in Richard C. Dorf, The Engineering Handbook, 2018
A GIS can be generally described as a computer-based system that stores and manages information and data that are geographically located and graphically displayed in map form. Various CADD/GIS themes are arranged by placing them on separate data layers for convenience in accessing the database or for turning on and off the display of each theme. Decisions regarding data collection in CADD or GIS format rest on the type of analysis required during the project or with future applications. Two major GIS data types are raster and vector. A raster data set has a regular grid of cells with a single attribute assigned to that cell. A vector data set is composed of points, lines, and polylines/polygons that may be assigned multiple attributes within a database. Both data types can be used and displayed in CADD and GIS alike.
A Novel Framework for Estimation and Prediction of Direct Economic Earthquake Loss for Regional Buildings
Published in Journal of Earthquake Engineering, 2023
Qi Ge, Yinghan Song, Feng Xiong, Hongxing Xiong, Wenrui Li, Yang Lu, Mingming Ran, Ye Liu, Jiang Chen
Geographic Information System (GIS) is a computer system used to capture, store, query, analyze and display geographic reference data. Scholars have carried out research on earthquake loss based on GIS (Choi, Park, and Kim 2019; Feng et al. 2014; Hashemi and Alesheikh 2011; Ranjbar et al. 2017; Văcăreanu et al. 2013; Zhang et al. 2021; Zhang, Kun, and Cao 2019). Zhang et al. (2021) applied GIS to develop a building collection tool based on mobile GIS and proposed a GIS‑based model to evaluate earthquake loss. Feng et al. (2014) integrated the building damage obtained by the changes in digital surface model information with GIS dada to predict earthquake casualty. Ranjbar et al. (2017) combined GIS with remote sensing technology to establish an earthquake loss estimation approach based on building damage. In some studies, earthquake loss estimation models were integrated into GIS. The loss estimation results can be outputted onto maps, and the spatial loss distribution can also be visually displayed (Hashemi and Alesheikh 2011; Văcăreanu et al. 2013; Zhang, Kun, and Cao 2019). Those studies mainly used GIS to extract geographical locations and showed the calculated results in GIS maps. Very few studies use GIS to extract building information to estimate the economic loss earthquake of buildings, such as structure type, building area, building height, building year of built and site type, etc (Zhang et al. 2021).
A survey of the Geoinformatics use for census purposes and the INSPIRE maturity within Statistical Institutes of EU and EFTA countries
Published in Annals of GIS, 2019
Kalogeropoulos Kleomenis, Stathopoulos Nikolaos, Tsatsaris Andreas, Chalkias Christos
It is commonly accepted that a GIS system consists of software, hardware, data, methods and people. This scheme should also apply to the SIs. It is necessary to understand the earned value of adopting and using the geospatial technology. But in order to gain the benefits of GIS technology, the best way is to have in harmony all the above factors of a GIS system. Hence, from this study, it is concluded that SIs in EU and EFTA countries have four factors (software, hardware, methods and data). All the SIs have implemented GIS many years ago (the majority of them). Depending on their needs, each SI has included GIS entity within a sector, a unit, a department, and so on. The problem that arises is that in terms of people, there are SIs with many employees-users of GIS and some other with none. It is fundamental to realize that GIS users, and in fact advanced GIS users, can turn SIs to more productive agencies. Another fact, which is linked to the previous one, is that there are a lot of SIs that do not have a GIS portal. Advanced IT and GIS users can cooperate to create web portals at no cost using the free and open technology.
Digital maps of mechanical geotechnical parameters using GIS
Published in Cogent Engineering, 2020
Asad H. Aldefae, Jareer Mohammed, Hiba D. Saleem
GIS is an abbreviation for the Geographic Information System which is a framework for data collection, managing, and analyzing. As results of fast development of engineering technologies, the modern sciences of geography are merged with engineering and produced new hybrid technique (i.e. GIS) to integrate many types of data. It is also used in analyzing different locations and organizing soil layer information and visualize these information using digital maps and 3D scenes. With this unique facility, deeper insights into soil strata data can be revealed using GIS, such as patterns of soil formation, mechanical relationships, and situations helping the decision-makers (i.e. geotechnical engineers and designers) to take the right decision.