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Number Systems, Conversions and Codes
Published in Dale Patrick, Stephen Fardo, Vigyan ‘Vigs’ Chandra, Electronic Digital System Fundamentals, 2020
Dale Patrick, Stephen Fardo, Vigyan ‘Vigs’ Chandra
The parity code is an error-checking code in which binary numbers are transmitted with an additional bit that is used only for error detection. In this code all data are transmitted either with an odd number of is (odd parity) or an even number of is (even parity). The odd-parity code is more commonly used, since it is not possible to transmit a number or word with all Os. Figure 5-13 shows a display of data and the generation of a parity bit. Both odd and even parity codes are shown. Note that a parity bit is generated according to the number of ls in a number. In the odd-parity code, a 0 parity bit is generated when the number of is in a number is odd. A 1 parity bit is generated when the number of is even. The even-parity code is just the opposite of the odd code.
Computer Engineering
Published in Arun G. Phadke, Handbook of Electrical Engineering Calculations, 2018
Peter Athanas, Yosef Tirat-Gefen
Parity checking ‘circuitry can determine whether an error occurred during transmission; however, with a single parity bit, there is insufficient information to determine which bits are in error. Hamming coding is a common scheme for single-error detection and correction. In a Hamming coder, the n unencoded data bits are augmented with p parity bits placed in specific locations prior to transmission. Each of the parity bits is computed to provide even parity or odd parity on an overlapping subset of the encoded word. The receiver recomputes the parity for each of the subfields within the encoded word using a parity checking circuit. From the syndrome produced at the receiver by the parity checker, the exact position of the single error can be determined. With this information, the error can be corrected.
Communication Systems for Control and Automation
Published in James Northcote-Green, Robert Wilson, Control and Automation of Electrical Power Distribution Systems, 2017
James Northcote-Green, Robert Wilson
The user implements parity checking with options such as even parity checking, odd parity checking or no parity checking at all. If either even or odd parity checking are selected, the 1 bits are counted in the data portion of each character. A parity bit will be transmitted in order to permit the slave device to check for any transmission error. The parity bit will be set to a 0 or 1 to result in an even or odd total of 1 bits. Before the message is transmitted, the parity bit is calculated and applied to the frame of each character. The receiving device counts the quantity of 1 bits and compares its result with the number attached to the frame. An error is set if the numbers are not the same; however, the parity checking can only detect and set an error if an odd number of bits are picked up or dropped in a character frame.
A Novel Energy-Efficient MIMO-OFDM Decoder Architecture with Error Detection
Published in IETE Journal of Research, 2023
The individual adder design is depicted in Figure 2(b) which a derivative of the adder blocks in general architecture of error prediction adders. The combination of hybrid classification unit and fault localization cum recovery reduces both area and power by the implementation of logic gates. In addition, energy efficiency of the entire system gets improved. In order to identify the generated error bit, parity is a common circuit constructed with a combination of XOR gates. Hence along with every gate design, parity bit is appended to detect the identified error bit. The parity bit generates a predicted sum [28], as presented in the following equations: Since the output of the parity bit propagates out from the two rail logic, as generated with the XOR gate, there are two possible carry solutions such as original bit and that of the duplication of the same bit leading to its complement. The sum and carry output from adder slice of Figure 2(b) is as follows:
On the systemic entropy of low-order systems
Published in Safety and Reliability, 2020
Tony Lee Graham, Khalid Khan, Hamid Reza Nasriani
The final column of Table A4 is called ‘tie order’ and refers to the R-ket representation in comparison to the tie sets of the network/state. For example, PS has two second degree/order tie paths. The R-ket is with the ‘0, 2’ expressing that there are zero first order tie paths and 2 second order tie paths. The parity bit ‘−1’ does not reveal any tie paths. In this example the tie paths were given in the first two numbers of the vector, so the tie-order was recorded as 2. A canonical Boolean structure function could also be used, but this confuses the addition ‘+’ operator with the ‘OR’ operator and can lead to drastically erroneous estimates in risk assessment.
Review of battery powered embedded systems design for mission-critical low-power applications
Published in International Journal of Electronics, 2018
Matthew Malewski, David M. J. Cowell, Steven Freear
Data corruption can be caused by various sources. These can be environmental impacts, or defects in hardware or software. The capability of detecting and correcting errors should be designed into an embedded system as it greatly increases the reliability of the system (NASA Lesson Info, 2016a). Error detection can be implemented using a simple parity bit. Upon detecting an error, the data can be re-requested. If correction is required, cyclic redundancy checks (CRCs) can be implemented. CRC is one of the most versatile error checking algorithms and is widely used throughout the electronics and IT industry (Microchip, 2008). Microcontrollers nowadays have dedicated CRC modules that allow hardware to generate and compute CRCs.