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Published in Philip A. Laplante, Comprehensive Dictionary of Electrical Engineering, 2018
expansion of the two metals. The bending operates a set of contacts that automatically removes the affected load from the source of electrical power. See also overload heater, overload relay. bimodal histogram a histogram with two main groupings of values, such as the sum of two displaced Gaussians. See histogram. binary (1) a signal or other information item that has two possible states. (2) representation of quantities in base 2. binary code a code, usually for error control, in which the fundamental information symbols which the codewords consist of are two-valued or binary and these symbols are usually denoted by either "1" or "0," Mathematical operations for such codes are defined over the finite or Galois field consisting of two elements denoted by GF(2). The mathematical operations for such a Galois field are addition and multiplication. For addition over GF(2) one finds that 1 + 1 = 0, 1 + 0 = 1 and 0 + 0 = 0.
Basic Signal Processing Operations
Published in Nassir H. Sabah, Electric Circuits and Signals, 2017
To illustrate these steps, suppose that the range of values of a signal is divided into 8 levels, including the 0 level, as illustrated in Figure 17.6.1. The magnitude of the first sample is between levels 6 and 7, so it is assigned the number 6. The magnitude of the second sample slightly exceeds level 7, so it is assigned the maximum level of 7. The magnitude of the third sample is between levels 3 and 4, and is assigned the value of 3. In binary code, these numbers are expressed in the binary number system in which only the binary digits, or bits, 0 and 1 are used. As we have 8 levels 0 to 7 and , we need 3 bits to represent a number in the range 0 to 7. The number is expressed as the sum of 3 terms, where each term is a bit multiplied by 2 raised to a power equal to the position of the bit in the number, starting from a power of zero for the least significant position. The number 4, for example, is represented as 100 because 1 [.dotmath] 22 + 0 [.dotmath] 21 + 0 [.dotmath] 20 = 4. The three values 6, 7, and 3 are represented by the sequence of 3 binary numbers 110, 111, and 011.
Basic Elements of Digital Circuits
Published in Nassir H. Sabah, Electronics, 2017
To illustrate steps 2 and 3, suppose that the range of values of a signal is divided into 8 levels, including the 0 level, and consider three sample values, say, 6.2, 7.3, and 3.4, as in Figure 12.1.2. The three samples are assigned value of 6, 7, and 3, respectively. In binary code, these numbers are expressed in the binary number system, in which only the binary digits, or bits, 0 and 1 are used. Since we have 8 levels 0 to 7, and 23 = 8, we need three bits to represent a number in the range of 0–7. The number is expressed as the sum of three terms, where each term is a bit multiplied by 2 raised to a power equal to the position of the bit in the number, starting from a power of zero for the least significant position. The number 4, for example, is represented as 100, since 1 × 22 + 0 × 21 + 0 × 20 = 4. The three values 6, 7, and 3 are represented, respectively, by the sequence of three binary numbers 110 (1 × 22 + 1 × 21 + 0 × 20 = 6), 111 (1 × 22 + 1 × 21 + 1 × 20 = 7), and 011 (0 × 22 + 1 × 21 + 1 × 20 = 3). In practice, many more bits are used, typically 32 or 64 bits. A group of 8 bits is a byte. In digital circuits, a binary digit of 0 is represented by a low voltage level that is close to zero, whereas a binary digit of 1, or logic 1, is represented by a higher voltage level that may be close to +5 V, say.
Local Triangular Coded Pattern: A Texture Descriptor for Image Classification
Published in IETE Journal of Research, 2023
Abuobayda and Raymond Tapamo have developed a descriptor called ALDP [13], which is a modified version of LDP. In ALDP, like LDP, kirsch masks are used to attain the edge responses and magnitudes are recorded. ALDP gives better performance than both LBP and LDP. Adın, et al. developed a novel descriptor, called Local Directional Texture Pattern Image Descriptor (LDTP) [14], for the classification of facial emotions as well as texture classification. In this method, each pixel is selected by extracting the major direction of the neighbourhood values and finding out the differences in the intensity values of these respective directions. Thus, an image is denoted as a set of LDTP codes. Vasudha & Kakkar, D have presented an analysis on local directional position pattern (LDPP) and LTP for face recognition, which is better than LBP and LDP [15]. Akhilesh et al. have introduced a novel descriptor called LDN [16] for face recognition. It is composed of a six-bit binary code with the help of Kirsch masks. This six-bit binary code is formed by taking out the maximum positive and the minimum negative three significant bits. Arya.et al have done an analysis on recent local binary descriptors for facial emotion classification [17].
Functional risk-oriented integrated preventive maintenance considering product quality loss for multistate manufacturing systems
Published in International Journal of Production Research, 2021
Yixiao Zhao, Yihai He, Di Zhou, Anqi Zhang, Xiao Han, Yao Li, Wenzhuo Wang
After establishing the integrated maintenance, the approximate range of te is estimated to be between 25 and 35 by the test result of functional risks in this machine initial operation with D equal to 1. Hence during the production horizon T, the number of maintenance actions is set to four and the cost function can be changed into a piecewise function form related to t and Mk. GA is selected to facilitate the quality loss-oriented cost optimisation by obtaining the proper levels selection and implementation time of four maintenance actions. This algorithm is implemented in MATLAB R2014b. The set of four maintenance actions is selected as the chromosome in binary code with a length of 19 consisting of four segments in which each one corresponds to an action decision. The particularity of the first period is suitable for reducing the calculated amount by a shorter binary code. Among the 32 states represented by a 5-bit binary code, they are divided into four segments expressed as different maintenance levels; 5-bit binary code is the same as above. And other parameters containing population size (40) crossover rate (0.7), and mutation rate (0.01) are set (Sortrakul, Nachtmann, and Cassady 2005). The optimisation results are shown in Table 3.
Modelling and optimisation of welding parameters for multiple objectives in pre-heated gas metal arc welding process using nature instigated algorithms
Published in Australian Journal of Mechanical Engineering, 2020
P. S. Sivasakthivel, R. Sudhakaran
The initial step in the algorithm is to properly code input parameters into binary code bit string structures (chromosomes). The length of the code decides the accuracy of the solution generated through the algorithm. In this paper, the input welded parameters are mapped for 8 bit length binary code as shown in the Table 5. The complete set of these bit strings encompasses a population. The chromosomes progress as offspring through successive generation or iteration based on the concepts of survival of the fittest. A fitness functions was derived from the given objective of the response variable and used in the succeeding generations. The same objective function can be considered as fitness function for maximisation problem and equivalent maximisation function {Max Z = − Min (−Z)} of objective function as fitness function for minimisation problem. The population before proceedings to the next generations is acted upon by three operators such as reproduction, crossover and mutation.