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Parenteral Drug Administration: Routes of Administration and Devices
Published in Sandeep Nema, John D. Ludwig, Parenteral Medications, 2019
Himanshu Bhattacharjee, Vivian Loveless, Laura A. Thoma
The most common indication for the use of this route is (i) to guarantee delivery and distribution when hypotension or shock exists; (ii) to rapidly restore electrolyte and fluid balance; (iii) to achieve an immediate pharmacologic effect, especially in emergencies, such as the treatment of certain arrhythmias or of seizures; (iv) to treat serious, life-threatening infections or conditions; (v) to provide continuous nutrition (total parenteral nutrition) when patients are unable to be fed by mouth; and (vi) to avoid complications which might result if other administration routes are employed (e.g., hematomas at the site of IM injections in a patient with a bleeding diathesis). In addition, the IV route may be used for a variety of other purposes, such as plasmapheresis, blood transfusion, and hemodynamic monitoring, among others. Patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) is another unique mode of IV administration and is designed to deliver IV bolus doses in addition to a slow, continuous IV by this route for narcotic analgesics such as fentanyl, methadone, and morphine.6 Programmable infusion pumps with limited patient controls are often used for this type of administration and only allow the patient to receive an additional dose within limited time periods.7
Human-Centered Artificial Intelligence: Reliable, Safe & Trustworthy
Published in International Journal of Human–Computer Interaction, 2020
The four quadrants may be helpful in suggesting differing designs for a product or service: Example 1: Patient Controlled Analgesia (PCA) devices (Figure 6) allow post-surgical, severe cancer, or hospice patients to select the amount and frequency of pain control medication. There are dangers and problems with young and old patients, but with good design and management, PCA devices deliver safe and effective pain control (Macintyre, 2001). A simple morphine drip bag design for the lower left quadrant (low computer automation and low human control) would regularly deliver a fixed amount of pain control medication. A more automated design for the lower right quadrant (increased computer automation, but little human control) would provide machine selected doses that could vary by time of day, patient activity, and data from body sign sensors, although these do not assess perceived pain.
Effects of Internet of things (IoT) on performance of agricultural in China: A case study
Published in Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 2022
Haoran Fu, Huahui Li, T. Ramayah, Angran Fu, Abdullah Hasan Jabbar, Azher M. Abed
The PCA is an unsupervised learning technique that offers several benefits. For example, by reducing the data’s dimensionality, PCA enables the generalization of machine learning models better. This helps us deal with the curse of dimensionality. PCA can help improve performance at a meager cost of model accuracy. Other benefits of PCA include reduction of noise in the data, feature selection, and the ability to produce independent, uncorrelated data features. PCA allows for visualizing data and the inspection of clustering/classification algorithms.