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Units and Significant Figures
Published in Patrick F. Dunn, Fundamentals of Sensors for Engineering and Science, 2019
For area and volume, the square, and the cube of the length dimension, respectively, are considered. The SI units of area and volume are m2 and m3. However, the liter (L), which equals 1 cubic decimeter or 1/1000 m3, often is used. One L of liquid is approximately 1.06 quarts or 0.26 gallons. A 350 cubic inch engine has a total cylinder displacement volume of approximately 5.7 L. Curiously, when the American tourist drinks an English pint of Guinness, he consumes 20 liquid UK ounces. A pint in his home country is 16 liquid ounces. In the United States, 1 liquid gallon (gal) = 4 liquid quarts (qt) = 8 liquid pints (pt) = 16 liquid cups (c). Further, 1 liquid cup (c) = 8 liquid ounces (oz) = 16 liquid tablespoons (Tbl) = 48 liquid teaspoons (tsp). The liquid (fluid) ounce is a unit of volume. The ounce when specified without the liquid prefix is a unit of mass, where 16 oz = 1 lbm.
Units and Significant Figures
Published in Patrick F. Dunn, Michael P. Davis, Measurement and Data Analysis for Engineering and Science, 2017
Patrick F. Dunn, Michael P. Davis
For area and volume, the square, and the cube of the length dimension, respectively, are considered. The SI units of area and volume are m2 and m3. However, the liter (L), which equals 1 cubic decimeter or 1/1000 m3, often is used. One L of liquid is approximately 1.06 quarts or 0.26 gallons. A 350 cubic inch engine has a total cylinder displacement volume of approximately 5.7 L. Curiously, when the American tourist drinks an English pint of Guinness, he consumes 20 liquid UK ounces. A pint in his home country is 16 liquid ounces. In the United States, 1 liquid gallon (gal) = 4 liquid quarts (qt) = 8 liquid pints (pt) = 16 liquid cups (c). Further, 1 liquid cup (c) = 8 liquid ounces (oz) = 16 liquid tablespoons (Tbl) = 48 liquid teaspoons (tsp). The liquid (fluid) ounce is a unit of volume. The ounce when specified without the liquid prefix is a unit of mass, where 16 oz = 1 lbm.
Organizing for Action
Published in Norman J. Crampton, Preventing Waste at the Source, 2018
Coors was the first U.S. brewer to market beer in aluminum cans. The first cans produced for market in 1965 weighed nearly twice what aluminum cans weigh today. Through a series of improvements, generally based on reducing the thickness of aluminum, an empty 16-ounce beverage can (including the top) now weighs about three quarters of an ounce. Minus the top, the average weight of 1,000 cans was 39 pounds in 1965 and 25 pounds in 1996. Forecast for 2000: 22.5 pounds.
Paracelsus, a Transmutational Alchemist
Published in Ambix, 2020
Paracelsus now instructed the reader, somewhat more briefly, to weigh out a sample of the transmuted copper and combine it with an equal weight of silver: If you take half an ounce [1 Lot] of the copper and half an ounce [1 Lot] of silver and liquefy them [by heating], the silver instantly becomes 16 karat. That is the test that such copper is from iron.92The passage was elliptical but decipherable. Paracelsus used “karat” here as a proportion of purity, with twenty-four–karat silver being for all intents and purposes one-hundred-per-cent pure. Assuming that the half-ounce of silver was pure to begin with, then when it and the half-ounce of copper were melted together, the product should have consisted of one-half silver by weight, i.e. twelve out of a possible twenty-four karats. Instead, though, Paracelsus reported, the product was sixteen karats of silver, or two-thirds! Weighing of reagents, combined with assaying of the product, thus made it possible to infer that a further transmutation must have occurred. That is,showing a net gain in silver of x = ⅙. What made the copper that had been transmuted from iron different from ordinary copper was evidently its ability to transmute into silver in turn.
Fabric infused with a botanical repellent for protection against mosquitoes
Published in The Journal of The Textile Institute, 2019
Lilah Halbkat, Kun Luan, Grayson Cave, Marian McCord, Michael Roe, Emiel DenHartog, Nicholas J. Travanty, Charles S. Apperson, Andre J. West
The mosquito repellents evaluated in this study were chosen based on local convenience and availability. A total of nine commercially available mosquito repellents were chosen for evaluation in arm-in-cage assays (Figure 1). Table 1 gives ingredient information for each repellent. The application procedures on the label for the repellents instructed the user to ‘apply liberally’ for insect protection. Therefore, the application dose of each insect repellent was standardized to four pump sprays with a standard spray bottle and was equivalent to 0.25 fluid ounce or 29.6 ml. A white knitted jersey fabric composed of 80% Nylon 20% elastane was selected as the test fabric material. The procedure began by applying 29.6 ml of each repellent with a spray bottle to the absorbent pad inside the patented infuser bag (Figure 2). Following this step, each 16 × 16 cm fabric swatch was placed inside the infuser bag and finally placed into a typical household dryer, on the ‘low’ setting for 10 min. This specific procedure was repeated for each of the eight repellents.
Ruling engines and diffraction gratings before Rowland: the work of Lewis Rutherfurd and William Rogers
Published in Annals of Science, 2018
Ruling errors were not the only factors to affect the performance of gratings. C. A. Young was greatly surprised at the sensitivity of a grating to distortion by pressure or inequalities of temperature.76 It was a grating of 17 300 lines per inch on a speculum plate ⅜ of an inch (9.5 mm) thick and 3½ inches (89 mm) square, but a force of one ounce (28 grammes) on one corner materially modified its behaviour, and four times that force destroyed the definition entirely. Furthermore the plate was not perfectly flat and needed a little wedge under one corner to obtain the best performance. Gratings needed to be ruled on thick, rigid plates that had to be ground and polished very accurately.