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Cobalt Toxicity and Human Health
Published in Debasis Bagchi, Manashi Bagchi, Metal Toxicology Handbook, 2020
Md. Hafiz Uddin, Marufa Rumman
Nanotechnology involves materials and systems in the submicron to nanometer range [16], and it is emerging at a fast pace with possibilities of an excellent socio-economic future. The apprehensions of bright future involvement makes nano objects ubiquitous [37]. It has been estimated that there are now more than 1,500 commercial nano products available on the world market [38]. Nanotechnology aids us to envision the new mysterious prospects in engineering, sophisticated electronics, environmental remediation, biosensing, and nanomedicine [37]. Metal-oxide nanoparticles have been commercially used in biosensors, water purification devices, diagnostics, cosmetics, and therapeutic agents [39]. Currently, nanoparticles have received much attention for their implications in cancer treatment [5]. For example, metallic cobalt as nanoparticles is used in biology and medicine in its simplest form cobalt oxide to complex organic compounds or biopolymers. This pervasive technology is likely to have a huge economic and social influence in almost all sectors of industrial and scientific activity [16].
Potential of Nanostructures for Drug Delivery: With a Special Reference to Polymeric Nanoparticles
Published in Bhaskar Mazumder, Subhabrata Ray, Paulami Pal, Yashwant Pathak, Nanotechnology, 2019
Pranab Jyoti Das, Lalduhsanga Pachuau, Ramkrishna Sen, Bhaskar Mazumder
Nanotechnology is a revolutionary area of science and technology which involves the creation and utilization of materials, devices, or systems on the nanometer scale. Mathematically a nanometer is equal to one thousand millionth of a meter. Nanotechnology is sparking innovation and plays a crucial role in various biomedical applications, especially in drug delivery. Delivering a therapeutic compound to the target site is a major problem in the treatment of many diseases. The conventional application of drugs is characterized by limited effectiveness, poor biodistribution, and lack of selectivity. These limitations and drawbacks can be overcome by controlling drug delivery (Wilczewska et al., 2012). In the past three decades, the explosive development of nanotechnology has been considered to be revolutionizing development in the field of drug targeting. The systems are exploited for therapeutic function to take the drug in the body in a controlled manner from the site of administration to the therapeutic target. Accumulation of therapeutic compounds in the target site increases and, consequently, the required doses of drugs are lower. Cancer stands out as a disease most likely to benefit from targeted drug delivery. Tumor cells express many molecules on their surface that distinguish them from normal cells. Therefore, nanoparticles have been considered as appropriate vehicles to provide an ideal platform for personalized approaches to cancer diagnosis and therapy in cancer disease management (Ruoslahti et al., 2010).
An overview of recent developments in nanocoatings and biodiesel production for diesel engine application
Published in International Journal of Ambient Energy, 2021
S. Vijaya Kumar Reddy, S. R. Premkartikkumar
Nanotechnology is quickly developing as a new era of innovation to make advance materials with exceptional qualities and it finds several applications in mechanical parts and in our everyday life (Contreras and Rodríguez 2017). Nanotechnology is involved in the creation, control, use and characterisation of nanomaterials (Busquets and Mbundi 2017). Both the public and private sectors have concentrated on the research and development of nanotechnology growth and a number of manufacturing plants and laboratories have been developed across the globe (Friedrichs and Schulte 2007). The nanotechnology is promoted in the recent years for research and development (Gangopadhyay et al. 2012) because it shows great promise and its appliances will be used almost in all fields (Karaca and Öner 2015). In the twenty-first century, it will create a revolution in all aspects of the economy and society, in the fields of biology, physics, chemistry and engineering will be developed in nanometre level and at this new level a new process and devices will be developed (Tegart 2004). Manufactured nanoparticles exhibit physicochemical characteristics and coatings have unique thermal, mechanical, electrical and imaging properties, these are used in medical, commercial and environmental applications (Dreher 2004). Nanotechnology indicates a nation’s technological competence and national nanotechnology programmes have been started in more than 60 countries (Liu et al. 2009).
Artemisia vulgaris essential oil nanoemulsions (AVEO-NE), a novel anti-angiogenic agent and safe apoptosis inducer in MCF-7 human cancer cells
Published in Inorganic and Nano-Metal Chemistry, 2022
Mahjoubeh Irani, Masoud Homayouni Tabrizi, Touran Ardalan, Toktam Nosrat
Despite the many known therapeutic properties for herbal compounds[16] their use is limited due to instability, evaporation, and decomposition against environmental and chemical conditions. Encapsulation of these compounds and formation of nanometer structures is one of the ways to solve the problems caused by their volatility and instability.[17] Nanotechnology is a new approach that uses nanometer-sized materials and carriers with unique physicochemical properties in a variety of fields, including treatment and medicine.[18] Nanotechnology has made it possible to prepare various formulations such as polymer nanoparticles, metal nanoparticles and lipid transporters including liposomes and SLNs and micro and nanoemulsions depending on the physical condition or composition of the material. Among these, micro- and nanoemulsions are the simplest and most cost-effective way to formulate fat-soluble or low-water-soluble compounds, such as essential oils.[19] Since essential oils are non-polar compounds with low solubility in polar solutions such as water and blood, so encapsulating them in nanoemulsion droplets can be a suitable and effective way to increase the solubility, stability, and bioavailability of these compounds.[20] In other words, nano-capsulation of essential oils, in addition to protecting them, increases inactive cellular uptake and consequently reduces the transfer resistance of these compounds and increases their efficiency.[21]
Delivery of pemetrexed by magnetic nanoparticles: design, characterization, in vitro and in vivo assessment
Published in Preparative Biochemistry & Biotechnology, 2020
Güliz Ak, Didem Aksu, Eda Çapkın, Özge Sarı, Ilgın Kımız Geboloğlu, Şenay Hamarat Şanlıer
Nanotechnology involves the synthesis of nanometer-level materials at the intended properties (size, shape, and other characteristics) and used in a wide range of fields.[6–8] Nanoparticles in the drug delivery system are overcoming most of problems in conventional drug therapy.[9] One of the big advantages is that due to their high surface to mass ratio, drugs can be loaded better onto the nanoparticles’ surface.[8] The most significant reasons for the use of nanoparticles in drug delivery systems are the encapsulation of hydrophobic drugs, the accumulation of higher doses of drug in tumor microenvironment, the reduction of systemic distribution and the elimination of potential side effects.[10] Chitosan is a biocompatible, non-toxic and biodegradable natural polymer formed by the deacetylation of chitin.[11] This biopolymer exhibits binding properties for many ligands with having functional groups on the surface. Also, it possesses inter and intra-molecular hydrogen bonds that give a rigid crystal structure.[11,12] Since the solubility of chitosan is low, various modifications have been made to overcome this problem. Carboxymethyl chitosan (CMC) formed by the addition of carboxymethyl groups on the functional groups that obtained N–, O–, N,O–, or N,N-carboxymethyl chitosan and N-succinyl chitosan.[3,13] Carboxymethyl chitosan is preferred in nanoparticle synthesis and surface modification since it is biocompatible and has increased water solubility.