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Policies and Perspectives on Regulating Microplastic Fibre Pollution
Published in Judith S. Weis, Francesca De Falco, Mariacristina Cocca, Polluting Textiles, 2022
Despite the scarce attention for MPs in the field of textile engineering, there is comprehensive knowledge about abrasion and durability of yarns and fabrics. In particular in the field of technical and high performance textiles, such as for military applications and for protective clothing, abrasion resistance is an important feature. The techniques to produce those textiles are well known and include aspects as fibre use, yarn and thread manufacturing, weaving and knitting technology, and finishing methods (McLoughlin & Sabir, 2018). Abrasion and durability of textiles for upholstery are measured by methods such as the Martindale test, operational since the 1940s. This test measures the number of cycles needed to produce yarn breakage and is mostly used for home textiles (de Castellar, Saurí, Martí, & Manich, 2004). The test is defined in ISO and ASTM standards, next to other test methods, such as the forming of lint (ISO 12945, 12947, ASTM D4966; ASTM D3884, D3885, D3886, D4157, D4158; ISO 9073). While there is awareness of sustainability issues like water and energy use, use of chemicals and CO2 emission, the attention for MPs in the field of textile engineering is negligible, at least in the literature. Loss of MPs may fit in the broader spectrum of improving durability under the umbrella of sustainability.
The Measurement of Textile Material Properties
Published in Tom Cassidy, Parikshit Goswami, Textile and Clothing Design Technology, 2017
The main principle in the Martindale test is that a circular sample, placed in a specimen holder, is rubbed against a standard fabric (usually wool) according to a Lissajous figure, which is formed by the apparatus (Figure 17.3). The abrasion resistance is determined from the inspection interval to the breakdown of the sample (ISO 12947-2). The breakdown is reached at a point when two separate threads are broken in a woven fabric, one thread is broken in a knitted fabric, pile is fully worn off in a pile fabric, or when the first hole having a diameter of 0.5 mm appears in a nonwoven fabric. Depending on the end use of the fabric, the abrasion load can be changed to create a pressure of 12 or 9 kilopascals (kPa)—12 kPa for workwear, upholstery, bed linen, or fabrics for technical use and 9 kPa for textiles in apparel and household use. As a test result, the number of cycles on the testing machine will be reported.
Testing of Fibres, Yarns and Fabrics and Their Recent Developments
Published in Asis Patnaik, Sweta Patnaik, Fibres to Smart Textiles, 2019
Pilling means small little balls that arise on a fabric due to rubbing action, giving an unsightly appearance. The pilling propensity is determined by fibre entanglement, leading to pill formation, development of more surface fibre or fibre and pill wear off. The degree of pilling and surface fuzziness can be determined by Martindale method, Pill Box method and Random Tumble method (ISO 12945-1 2000; ISO 12945-2 2000; ISO 12945-3 2014). In Martindale method, the face of the test specimen is rubbed against the face of the same fabric at a specific force in the form of a Lissajous figure for a definite number of rubbing cycles in Martindale Abrasion tester. After completion of the test, the sample is removed and assessed visually.
Studies on properties of coated para-aramid fabric samples developed for military applications – post UVA-340 exposure
Published in The Journal of The Textile Institute, 2023
R. G. Revaiah, T. M. Kotresh, Balasubramanian Kandasubramanian
It is well known that p-aramid shows remarkable properties with respect to mechanical and fire resistance properties (Hamouda, 2018). When exposed to UV radiation, it loses its mechanical properties drastically (Zhang et al., 2006). The photodegradation of p-aramid leads to embrittlement, loss of colour or brightness, formation of surface cracks, etc., after unpredictable time (Li et al., 2013). Critical wavelength for Kevlar for photodegradation is between 300 and 450 nm and mechanism of photodegradation of Kevlar is extensively studied by Toy (1987) using 1H NMR and oxygen-18-labelled atmosphere. Energetic UV radiation can break C–O, C–C and C–H bonds near exposed surface leading to the formation of free radicals, which in turn react with molecular oxygen to form peroxy radicals. The absorption of UV radiation by p-aramid fabric induces both oxidative degradation as well as crosslinking. The mechanism of p-aramid degradation under the influence of UV reported in the literature is provided in Figure 1a,b (Arrieta et al., 2011; Carlsson et al., 1975). Extensive work has been done on the effects of UV on high performance materials. Several methods have been tried to slower or arrest the UV-induced degradation by coating surface with TiO2 (Chen et al., 2011) and ZnO where the former being UV active protects vulnerable p-aramid underneath (Azpitarte et al., 2017). One of the main drawbacks of these lamination or coating with UV active ZnO or TiO2 is that, coatings get abraded on harsh abrasive surfaces during routine military operations. The coated fabric sample used in the present study when subjected to Martindale abrasion, found to offer very high abrasion resistance (more than 200,000 Martindale abrasion cycle) compared to the base fabric (hole formation took place at 40,000 Martindale abrasion cycles).
Comparison of fabric properties knitted by pin spacer compact and conventional compact yarns
Published in The Journal of The Textile Institute, 2019
Ali Serkan Soydan, Gizem Karakan Günaydın, Sema Palamutcu
Knitted fabric samples were subjected to abrasion resistance test using the Martindale test equipment according to ISO 12947-3 standard test method. The pressure applied to fabric samples during rubbing was adjusted to 9 kPa. The mass losses (%) were determined after 5000 cycles of test on Martindale test equipment (ISO 12947–3,1998).