China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Our Environment
Published in Karlheinz Spitz, John Trudinger, Mining and the Environment, 2019
Karlheinz Spitz, John Trudinger
The study of the size, composition, growth, and distribution of human population is called demography. Three demographic variables are used to project population trends: fertility, mortality, and migration. Fertility refers to the number of children the average woman bears while mortality is measured by the crude death rate – the annual number of deaths per 1,000 population. Known as the basic demographic equation, the growth rate equals births minus deaths, plus net migration. The growth rate is affected by anticipated variables, such as the percentage of women who are in their childbearing years, and unanticipated variables like wars, famines, and changing economic and political conditions. Development of a new mining project would introduce unanticipated economic variables. At a local scale, mines may drastically influence the basic demographic equation by increasing net migration, which is often accompanied by undesirable social consequences (Case 8.6).
Product Service Systems Innovation and Design
Published in Shatha N. Samman, Human Factors and Ergonomics for the Gulf Cooperation Council, 2018
Girish Prabhu, Beena Prabhu, Atul Saraf
Government regulations and legal issues such as tax policies, employment laws, environmental regulations, trade laws, and political stability are some of the variables investigated in order to understand the political trends. Economic trends include buying power of potential users, economic growth, and interest or exchange/inflation rates. A combination of social (and the immediate community or society) and cultural factors covers the influence of religion and traditional beliefs on values and practices, the impact of community on behaviors, and changes due to globalization on behaviors, values, and beliefs. Technological factors such as the state of the art, research and development activities, and government incentives can influence barriers to entry, partnerships required, and other dependencies for the manufacturing/development of product and services. Demographic parameters include gender, age, ethnicity, languages, education, and income. For design trends, one looks at the new ways in which designers are thinking about and implementing design (web design, smart screen design, physical-virtual interaction). Figure 6.4 provides some sample questions that can be used for trend analysis.
Postscript
Published in Kim Haugbølle, David Boyd, Clients and Users in Construction, 2017
This breadth of analysis is required for the study of clients in a future world as clients are not solely about building but about responding to the needs in a changing world. The world's population will continue to rise, with the greatest concentration being in Africa, while elsewhere a greater proportion of older people will emerge. This will have an impact on buildings either because more are needed or because the form needs to be developed to better respond to user needs. In addition, the ageing demographic has an impact on societies because of the smaller proportion of working people having to fiscally support this demographic development. OECD (2016: 7) speculates that ‘technologies that enhance physical and cognitive capacities could allow older people to work longer, while growing automation could reduce the demand for labour’. This population is expected to be sited in bigger cities leading to stresses on utilities and the potential for slum formation and health epidemics.
Understanding vulnerability to COVID-19 in New Zealand: a nationwide cross-sectional study
Published in Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand, 2021
Jesse Wiki, Lukas Marek, Matthew Hobbs, Simon Kingham, Malcolm Campbell
Demographic variables include population size and density, age, and ethnicity. Population size is based on the usually resident population of each SA2, as outlined above, and used to calculate population density as the number of people per square kilometre. For the purpose of this study, age was defined as a binary variable; either below 65 years of age or 65 and over (65+). This aligns with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention social vulnerability index (Flanagan et al. 2018; Pereira 2020) and New Zealand Ministry of Health guidelines, which note that older people have a higher risk of developing a severe illness from COVID-19, particularly if they have underlying health conditions (Ministry of Health 2020c). In general, the risk increases with age and is a particularly important factor in identifying vulnerable populations. Ethnicity, based on broad category definitions (Stats NZ 2018b) is also included. This is an important consideration as Māori and Pacific populations are likely to experience higher levels of risk at an earlier age than European/Other ethnic groups (Plank et al. 2020). This is, in part, because chronic health conditions and co-morbidities are often experienced at an earlier age for these ethnic groups (Ministry of Health 2020c). All population groups were sourced from the Census (2018). The count in each population group and the usually resident population count were used to calculate the percentage of the above population groups in each SA2 area.
Success factors for OSH implementation. Opening the black box of OSH realisation
Published in Policy and Practice in Health and Safety, 2020
Gerard Zwetsloot, Britta Schmitt-Howe, Klaus T. Nielsen
Then there are the demographic developments. Here we see vast differences among countries and continents. But in most developed countries and also in China, ageing of the general population and therefore also of the workforce is a growing problem. It is a big societal challenge to keep welfare levels high with a decreasing workforce and an increasing group of pensioners. As a consequence the pension age in many countries is on the rise, making it important that people remain healthy and productive at higher age. Concepts like workability and ‘sustainable employment’ are therefore used to describe the challenges for people and organizations. The other major demographic development is migration. In many countries and industries the workforce is increasingly diverse and multi-cultural. This implies challenges in communication and co-operation due to language problems and diversity in norms and values.
Exposed children, protected parents; shade in playgrounds as a previously unstudied intervention field of cancer prevention
Published in International Journal of Environmental Health Research, 2020
Sven Schneider, Anca Bolbos, Philipp Kadel, Bärbel Holzwarth
We had access to the official statistics regarding socio-spatial indicators for each of these 44 social areas. These included standard demographic indicators such as population density, percentage of the population from an immigrant background (%), number of children and teenagers (population <18 years old) as a percentage of the total population and the number of households with more than three children (%). In addition to this, the following official indicators of social deprivation were also included in the analyses: employment rates (number of employed persons as a percentage of all 15–64 year olds),unemployment rates (number of people out of work as a percentage of all 15–64 year olds),jobseekers under the age of 65, who receive state benefits (as a percentage of all under-65 s) andpoverty indicators (all people who receive state benefits, as a percentage of the total population).