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Circuit Switching and Packet Switching
Published in Vikas Kumar Jha, Bishwajeet Pandey, Ciro Rodriguez Rodriguez, Network Evolution and Applications, 2023
Vikas Kumar Jha, Bishwajeet Pandey, Ciro Rodriguez Rodriguez
The datagrams are independently transmitted through the network, where each of the datagrams is labeled for ordering of the related packet with its destination and a sequence number. And it is not necessarily needing a dedicated path to transfer the datagram over the network; based on the header information, the packet can find its way to its destination. Each datagram has to be transmitted independently, with each taking a different route or transmitted via a different path in the network, and thus will not be received at the destination in the same order. Since datagrams arrive at the destination not in the same order in which they were sent by the source station, it is required that the datagrams should be numbered so as to reassemble them properly at the destination. The original message is obtained by reassembling of the received datagrams based on the packet sequence number to reproduce the original message at the destination. As a result, the datagram packet-switching technique allows multiple pairs of nodes to communicate concurrently over the same channel and does not require any kind of circuit to be established.
Network Models
Published in Sunit Kumar Sen, Fieldbus and Networking in Process Automation, 2017
The “ver” field is 4 bits long and indicates the IP protocol version in use (in this case, it is four). The 4-bit IHL (Internet header length) indicates the length of the IP header. This header length is not a fixed one. The ToS (type of service) field is 8 bits long and its different bit positions correspond to minimizing delay and monetary cost and maximizing throughput and reliability. The “total length” corresponds to the length of the datagram, measured in bytes. This field, along with IHL, determines where data starts and ends. Maximum datagram length can be 216 = 65,536 bytes, although such long datagram length is impractical. Datagram lengths up to 576 octets are allowed.
Networking: Concepts and Technology
Published in P. S. Neelakanta, ATM Telecommunications, 2018
The concept of packetization evolved at the Rand Corporation (in the early 1960s) first as a datagram; it involved breaking up the message into small parts for the purpose of transmission between two data terminal equipment (DTE). Each datagram has a header added to the front of it, providing the destination address, source address, datagram number, and other such information. Datagrams are sent into the network via various links. The nodes, observing the header and their own prewritten routing tables, decide which link to use to forward a datagram towards its destination.
Efficient video transmission—a critical review of various protocols and strategies
Published in Journal of the Chinese Institute of Engineers, 2021
Ali Siddique, Abdul Rauf Bhatti, Ahmed Bilal Awan, Arslan Dawood Butt, Ali S. Alghamdi, Muhammad Farhan, Nadia Rasheed
Traditionally, user datagram protocol (UDP) has been used to transport multimedia streams. Skype also uses UDP at the transport layer (De Cicco, Mascolo, and Palmisano 2011). This is because the other popular transport protocol i.e. TCP is not suitable for video streaming. The TCP was designed for wired networks and it treats every packet loss as an indication of congestion (Postel 1981b; Peterson and Davie 2007). However, this scheme is not appropriate for wireless networks where error rates are very high (Peterson and Davie 2007). The DCCP can distinguish between different causes of packet loss i.e. whether the packet got lost because of congestion or some other factors. Also, there are some optional mechanisms that reliably tell the sending application that packets reached the receiver, and whether those packets were corrupted, dropped in the receive buffer, or ‘ECN-marked.’ ECN stands for explicit congestion notification and can be examined in detail in Ramakrishnan, Floyd, and Black (2001).
A Survey on Packet Switching Networks
Published in IETE Journal of Research, 2022
The datagram network needs no predefined connection between the source and the destination as it is a connectionless network. The datagrams are the data packets that are transmitted independently over the medium (wired or wireless). Each data packet contains the header information, which helps the datagram to reach the destination. The datagrams reach the destination unordered, and then these are reordered to retrieve the message. The datagram networks are also known as the internet or TCP/IP.