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Routing and Flow Control
Published in Jerry D. Gibson, The Communications Handbook, 2018
In connectionless protocols or services between two network terminals, no interaction between the terminals takes place prior to the exchange of data. For example, when a letter is mailed over the postal network, a connectionless protocol is used in the sense that the recipient of the letter need not interact with the sender ahead of time. An example of a connectionless protocol is the current Internet protocol (IP) used to transport packets on the Internet. Electronic mail provides a connectionless service, in the same sense that the postal network provides a connectionless service. Because of the lack of interaction between terminals engaging in a connectionless protocol, retransmission of lost or errored packets is not possible, and, hence, connectionless protocols are not considered intrinsically reliable. On the other hand, connectionless protocols are often appropriate in environments where lost or errored packets are sufficiently rare.
Congestion Control
Published in Witold Pedrycz, Athanasios Vasilakos, Computational Intelligence in Telecommunications Networks, 2018
Andreas Pitsillides, Ahmet Sekercioglu
The Internet protocol architecture is based on a connectionless end-to-end packet service using the IP protocol. TCP is an end-to-end transport protocol that provides reliable, in-order service. End-to-end flow control is integrated with a Go-Back-N error recovery mechanism. Network level congestion control is implemented via a reactive, closed-loop, dynamic window control scheme.13 Jacobson developed the congestion-avoidance mechanisms that are now required in TCP implementations in 1988.
Network Protocols
Published in Viktor Boed, Ira Goldschmidt, Robert Hobbs, John J. McGowan, Roberto Meinrath, Frantisek Zezulka, of Facilities Automation Systems, 1999
The Internet protocol (IP) provides so-called connectionless mode of data transfer over the network (no logical connection is set up before data transmission) (Figure 4.11). The data are transmitted as independent units, called “data grams.” The IP provides services, such as data exchange, addresses, and routing, independent of the media and network topology.
ICMPv6-based DDoS Flooding-Attack Detection Using Machine and Deep Learning Techniques
Published in IETE Journal of Research, 2023
Ali El Ksimi, Cherkaoui Leghris, Samira Lafraxo, Vinod Kumar Verma
IPv6 (Internet Protocol version 6) is a connectionless network protocol used for assigning IP addresses to computers. The successor of IPv4 officially reached saturation in 2011, IPv6 offers 128-bit addresses (against 32 bits for the previous version) and thus offers a larger address space. These addresses take the form of hexadecimal writing with 8 groups of 2 bytes. On the other hand, IPv6 brings greater security. Authentication and confidentiality are the major security features of the IPv6 protocol. ICMP for IPv6 (Internet Control Message Protocol Version 6) is an integral part of the IPv6 architecture and must be fully supported by all implementations of IPv6. ICMPv6 combines functions previously subdivided across different protocols, such as ICMP v4 (Internet Control Message Protocol version 4), IGMP (Internet Group Membership Protocol), and ARP (Address Resolution Protocol), and it introduces some simplifications by eliminating type's obsolete messages that are no longer used.
Bandwidth assessment of scheduled and unscheduled communication in hybrid networked control system
Published in Cyber-Physical Systems, 2022
S M A K Azad, Srinivasan Kannan
Apart from the physical connection in wire, a connectionless internet protocol (IPv4) is implemented for the wireless domain D2 of the h-NCS. An IEEE 802.11b wireless standard with IPv4 protocol is implemented for simulation of the physical layer modelling and the performance of the throughput with the distance between the access point and the field devices are recorded in Table 2. The respective wireless links are characterised by path loss exponent of 3 and the uplink/downlink speed of 10Mbps with a bit error rate of 0.0000001. For a given signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) at the receiver, the probability of bit error increases at the receiver. The SNR at receiver depends upon the transmission of power, the attenuation of power from the transmitter to receiver, and the noise power. The relationship between SNR and the power received is mathematically expressed in (11) and (12) respectively.
A Survey on Packet Switching Networks
Published in IETE Journal of Research, 2022
The datagram network needs no predefined connection between the source and the destination as it is a connectionless network. The datagrams are the data packets that are transmitted independently over the medium (wired or wireless). Each data packet contains the header information, which helps the datagram to reach the destination. The datagrams reach the destination unordered, and then these are reordered to retrieve the message. The datagram networks are also known as the internet or TCP/IP.