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Principles of Fluorescence
Published in Raimund J. Ober, E. Sally Ward, Jerry Chao, Quantitative Bioimaging, 2020
Raimund J. Ober, E. Sally Ward, Jerry Chao
where l is the path length, i.e., the length of the light path in the sample. The symbol I0 denotes the intensity of the light at the beginning of the light path, and the symbol I1 denotes the intensity of the light at distance l into the sample. Besides the path length, the exponent depends on the effective absorption cross section σ and the number concentration nc of the molecules in the sample, i.e., the number of molecules per cubic centimeter. The effective absorption cross section can be interpreted as the obstacle, described by a 2D area in square centimeters, that a molecule presents in the path of the beam of light. The Beer-Lambert law shows that due to light absorption by the molecules in the sample, the light intensity decreases exponentially as the light passes through the sample. Given a certain concentration of molecules nc and the effective absorption cross section σ (i.e., the size of the obstacle that a molecule presents for the light beam), the amount of absorption increases, and therefore the light intensity decreases, with increasing depth l that the light beam traverses into the sample.
Basics
Published in William Bolton, Engineering Science, 2020
A cube of side 1 unit is defined as having a volume of 1 cubic unit. If the unit used is the centimetre then a cube of side 1 cm has a volume of 1 cubic centimetre. All other shapes have volumes that can be reckoned in terms of how many such cubes they contain. Figure 1.11 illustrates this. Thus, the volume of a rectangular prism is: volume=area of base×height
Power unit – engine
Published in Andrew Livesey, Practical Motorsport Engineering, 2019
You will find the following abbreviations: Vs = Swept volumeN = Number of cylinders The engine capacity is usually measured in cubic centimetres (cc).
Impact of an emissions-based car tax policy on CO2 emissions and tax revenue from private cars in Ireland
Published in International Journal of Sustainable Transportation, 2022
Vera O’Riordan, Fionn Rogan, Brian Ó'Gallachóir, Hannah Daly
Tax revenue from cars registered before 2008 (Equation (2)): where engine cc refers to the volumetric size of the engine, also known as the cubic capacity. For cars registered after 2008, the revenue generated from annual motor tax is calculated as a function of the manufacturer specified emissions band as follows (Equation (3)):