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Breathomics and its Application for Disease Diagnosis: A Review of Analytical Techniques and Approaches
Published in Raquel Cumeras, Xavier Correig, Volatile organic compound analysis in biomedical diagnosis applications, 2018
David J. Beale, Oliver A. H. Jones, Avinash V. Karpe, Ding Y. Oh, Iain R. White, Konstantinos A. Kouremenos, Enzo A. Palombo
Progressing from in vitro studies, animal models of influenza infection such as the mouse, have been used to study metabolic changes associated with influenza infection at an organism level (Chandler et al., 2016; Cui et al., 2016). In mice, influenza infection was associated with both systemic (serum) and localized (lung and bronchoalveolar lavage) changes of more than 100 metabolites that were associated with the pulmonary surfactant system, suggesting viral-induced lung injury (Cui et al., 2016). A metabo-lome-wide association study with cytokines using high-resolution metabolomics in the influenza-infected mouse lung also revealed high correlation of 396 metabolites with proinflammatory cytokines, such as IFNγ, IL-1β, TNF-α and anti-inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-10 (Chandler et al., 2016). In humans, metabolomics has been applied as a diagnostic tool for acute respiratory distress syndrome caused by influenza A(H1N1) infection via NMR analysis of collected blood serum (Jose et al., 2012). Using GC-MS analysis of the breath collected from individuals that were vaccinated with live attenuated influenza, Philips et al. (2010) reported a distinct VOC signature in the vaccinated group showing the potential to use breathomics to diagnose influenza infection (Phillips et al., 2010). More studies are needed using breathomics-based approaches within a clinical setting for influenza studies, in particular investigating the efficacy of antiviral treatments and the measurable effects on the breathprint.
Respiratory system and chest
Published in David A Lisle, Imaging for Students, 2012
Common symptoms due to respiratory disease include cough, production of sputum, haemoptysis, dyspnoea and chest pain. These symptoms may be accompanied by systemic manifestations including fever, weight loss and night sweats. Accurate history plus findings on physical examination, in particular auscultation of the chest, are vital in directing further investigation and management. History and examination may be supplemented by relatively simple tests, such as white cell count, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), and sputum analysis for culture or cytology. A variety of pulmonary function tests may also be performed including spirometry, measurements of gas exchange, such as CO diffusing capacity and arterial blood gas, and exercise testing. In some cases, more sophisticated and invasive tests, such as flexible fibreoptic bronchoscopy, bronchoalveolar lavage and video-assisted thorascopic surgery (VATS), may be required.
Pulmonary complications of illicit drug use
Published in Philippe Camus, Edward C Rosenow, Drug-induced and Iatrogenic Respiratory Disease, 2010
Clandestine subcutaneous injection of silicone in varied parts of the body is illegally practised to alter body shape. Injection may be delivered by unqualified personnel, and results in silicone embolism to the pulmonary circulation. The disease is characterized by sudden or delayed development of disseminated bilateral alveolar pulmonary opacities and deteriorated gas exchange. Subcutaneous silicone may be present in the breast area on imaging as well. Diffuse alveolar haemorrhage may be present. Bronchoalveolar lavage and lung biopsy may show characteristic lipid droplets. The disease shares features with the fat embolism syndrome, including neurological involvement. Fatalities may occur, especially in those patients with neurological involvement.
PM2.5 aggravates airway inflammation in asthmatic mice: activating NF-κB via MyD88 signaling pathway
Published in International Journal of Environmental Health Research, 2023
Lei Wang, Yanzhi Cui, Hu Liu, Jing Wu, Jie Li, Xiansheng Liu
All mice were anesthetized with isoflurane, and grade VII OVA (Sigma Aldrich, St. Louis, MO) and PM2.5 solution were administered by intratracheal instillation alone or in combination into the trachea for five times at D0-D4 in the sensitization stage and four times at D10-D13 in the excitation stage. Airway hyper-responsiveness test was conducted and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, serum and lung tissues were collected at the 14th day. The left lung tissue was used for RNA and protein extraction, and the right lung tissue was used for hematoxylin and eosin (HE) and periodic acid-schiff (PAS) staining analysis. We customised a complete set of instruments to ensure the accuracy of administration site and dose and to minimise interference factors, and the procedures were completed by an experienced laboratory personnel to minimise harm into the animal. The mice died during the experiment.
Inhibitory effects of compounds isolated from Dioscorea batatas Decne peel on particulate matter-induced pulmonary injury in mice
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A, 2019
Wonhwa Lee, So Yeon Jeong, Myeong Ju Gu, Ji Sun Lim, Eui Kyun Park, Moon-Chang Baek, Jong-Sang Kim, Dongyup Hahn, Jong-Sup Bae
Male Balb/c mice (7 weeks old; weighing approximately27 g) were purchased from Orient Bio Co. (Sungnam, Republic of Korea) and used after acclimatization for 12 days. Mice were housed (5 per polycarbonate cage) under controlled temperature (20–25°C), humidity (40–45%), and 12:12 hr light:dark cycle. All mice were treated in accordance with the Guidelines for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals of Kyungpook National University (IRB No. KNU 2017–102). After oral (PO) administration of each compound (27–135 μg/kg) for 10 days, these mice were intratracheally challenged with PM2.5 (1 mg/kg in 100 μl saline, 10 days), as previously described (Wang et al. 2017a), subsequently animals were sacrificed. The bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and lung tissues were then extracted for further analysis.
The influence of maternal and perinatal high-fat diet on ozone-induced pulmonary responses in offspring
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A, 2019
Samantha J. Snow, Pamela M. Phillips, Allen Ledbetter, Andrew F.M. Johnstone, Mette C. Schladweiler, Christopher J. Gordon, Urmila P. Kodavanti
Animals were euthanized within 2 h following the second exposure with an overdose of sodium pentobarbital (>200 mg/kg of Fatal Plus diluted 1:1 with saline; Vortech Pharmaceuticals, Ltd., Dearborn, MI). Blood samples were collected from the abdominal aorta and serum chemistries determined for metabolic markers (total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, triglycerides, and free fatty acids (FFA)) as previously described (Miller et al. 2016a). The right lung was lavaged to collect bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) as previously described (Snow et al. 2016). BALF total cell count, cell differentials, and injury marker levels of total protein, albumin as well as activities of n-acetylglucosaminidase (NAG), γ-glutamyl transferase (GGT), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) were determined as previously described (Snow et al. 2014).