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Communication Infrastructure for Smart Microgrids
Published in Sasi K. Kottayil, Smart Microgrids, 2020
Wired communication technologies use a wired physical medium for exchange of data from one network element to another. Use of hardwire connection provides better security and minimal interference along with additional benefits like large bandwidth, better data rate and range. High installation and maintenance cost, right of way issues to lay the cables and network scalability are some of the disadvantages of wired medium. Some examples of typical wired communication systems are telephone, ethernet, cable television network, and fiber optic communication. There are various standards and protocols that govern the data communication over wired medium. These protocols and standards define the operational measures and specifications of medium for data transmission among multiple nodes. Most commonly used media for wired communication include coaxial cable, twisted pair copper cable, fiber optic cable and power line.
Implementation of adaptive channel scheme for multiclass traffic in wireless data communication
Published in Muhammad Arif, Guojun Wang, Mazin Abed Mohammed, Md Tabrez Nafis, Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks, 2023
Farjana Yeasmin Trisha, Mahmudul Hasan, Mohammad Farhan Ferdous, Muhammad Arif
A lot of background study is being given to prepare this paper. A brief history of background study with wireless communication is given. Wireless communication commonly works through electromagnetic signals that are published by an enabled device within the air, physical environment, or atmosphere. The sending device can be a sender or an intermediate device with the ability to propagate wireless signals. The communication between two devices occurs when the destination or receiving intermediate device captures these signals, creating a wireless communication bridge between the sender and receiver device. Wireless communication has various forms [3] of technology and delivery methods including mobile communication, wireless network communication, satellite communication, infrared communication, Bluetooth communication. Although all of these communication technologies have different underlying architecture, they all lack a physical or wired connection between their respective devices to initiate and execute communication [4]. Correspondence systems can be wired or wireless and the medium utilized for correspondence can be guided or unguided. In wired communication, the medium is a physical way, such as co-pivotal cables, twisted pair cables, and optical fiber links, which passes signal one node to another. Such a kind of medium is called guided medium. However, wireless communication does not require any physical medium however proliferates the sign through space. Since space just takes into account signal transmission with no direction, the medium utilized in wireless communication is called unguided medium. On the off chance that there is no physical medium, at that point how does remote correspondence send signals? Even though there are no links utilized in remote correspondence, the transmission and gathering of signs are practiced with Antennas. Receiving wires are electrical gadgets that change the electrical signs to radio signs as electromagnetic waves and the other way around. These electromagnetic waves engender through space. Subsequently, both transmitter and beneficiary comprise a receiving wire (Figure 3.1).
Smart grid mechanism for green energy management: A comprehensive review
Published in International Journal of Green Energy, 2023
Adila Fakhar, Ahmed M.A. Haidar, M.O. Abdullah, Narottam Das
The long-distance wireless communication from customers to the local utility has several drawbacks, such as limited bandwidth, considerable costs, and unstable quality of connection. Unlike wireless communication, the wired communication network enhances the security of the system and can provide reliable communication with accurate data transmission (Stefano, Scaglione, and Wang 2010). Although the uncertainty in the effectiveness of Ethernet for real-time substation automation has been investigated in many research studies, the application of Ethernet in distribution power systems considering the random characteristics of RER was not sufficiently reported. For substation communication networks, the Ethernet technology must comply with the IEC 61850 global standards. One of the specified requirements for time-critical applications is 10 msec in distribution substations while 3–4 msec in transmission substations. The coverage for communication in the distribution substation is (25–150) m whereas in the transmission substation is in the range of (50–300) m (Shuo et al. 2017). The spanning tree protocol (STP) as defined in the IEEE standard 802.1D was designed to solve the main problem of traffic and prevent accidental loops in the poorly structured and managed wiring closets. To pave the way for smart grid application, the mature technology of narrowband PLC standardization (IEEE P1901.2 with ITU-T G.hnem) which is still in service can be upgraded to the ITU-T G.hn and IEEE P1901 with the expanded Home Plug AV2 specification (Hadlach et al. 2017). Generally, the PLC comprises of two types, Narrowband PLC (NB-PLC) and Broadband PLC (BB-PLC). They are differentiated and classified based on the frequency range and transmission distance of signals as demonstrated in Table 10 (Haidar et al. 2011; Tonello et al. 2011). The NB-PLC is mainly suggested for the automation in smart grid application, this is due to its ability to communicate through transformers with bypass installment as it has a lower frequency range (Galli, Scaglione, and Wang 2011). Here, the automated systems do not require any additional communication network and can be used to control devices (lighting and heating systems), central control of home (doors and windows), and for security purposes. On the other hand, the major drawbacks of PLC are the noise and attenuation in the channel causing distortion and delay in transmitting the signal (Uribe-Pérez et al. 2017). Considering the characteristics of PLC, digital modulation techniques, that is, frequency shift keying, amplitude shift keying, and phase shift keying are more suitable than analog modulation techniques (Franek and Fiedler 2017). The major problem when using the amplitude shift keying in PLC is the noise susceptibility which may deteriorate the system performance (Haidar, Fakhar, and Muttaqi 2020).