China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
The Flightdeck of the Future: Field Studies in Datalink and Freeflight
Published in Malcolm Cook, Jan Noyes, Yvonne Masakowski, Decision Making in Complex Environments, 2007
Gemma Cox, Sarah Sharples, Alex Stedmon, John Wilson, Tracey Milne
Datalink has the potential to offer the “permanence” of information in a way that buffers the vulnerabilities of WM. This would allow ATCOs to devote their cognitive resources to other demanding cognitive tasks, for example, solving conflicts and so on. An investigation into the effectiveness of three different datalink interfaces, auditory, visual and redundant (auditory and visual) found that, whilst the change from auditory to a visual display has benefits in terms of load on working memory, there are other implications for how this information is processed by both the ATCO and the pilot (Best, 1995). The findings indicate that the visual display format fares best, the auditory format fares worst, and the redundant format is intermediate. The study also employed eye-tracking equipment to measure the allocation of visual attention. Greater allocation of visual resources to the instrument panel and the outside world leads to better flight path tracking and traffic detection performance (Best, 1995). The study reported that the visual interface supported the greatest allocation of visual resources to the outside world and the instrument panel, consequently “head down time” was significantly reduced with the visual datalink interface. The results of this study indicate that with the use of a visual datalink interface, allocation of attention to the interface is reduced enabling a greater proportion of “head up time”. This in turn leads to better flight path tracking and traffic detection performance.
Transformers: Basics and Introduction
Published in Uday Kamath, Kenneth L. Graham, Wael Emara, Transformers for Machine Learning, 2022
Uday Kamath, Kenneth L. Graham, Wael Emara
The attention mechanism involves selectively focusing on specific elements while filtering out the less relevant ones. The human optic nerve receives information in the order of billion bits per second, while the brain's capacity to process is far less. Visual attention, a form of attention, involves orienting to and sustaining focus on a stimulus such as a person or inanimate object or a specific task, thus enabling the brain's efficient processing. Therefore, the attention mechanism has allowed humans to focus on only a fraction of information of interest, thus enabling optimum resource usage, leading to better survival and growth.
Commercial video games as a resource for mental health: A systematic literature review
Published in Behaviour & Information Technology, 2022
Action video games emphasise physical challenges, including hand–eye coordination and reaction time, and are used within 6 studies (Cancer et al. 2020; Franceschini et al. 2013, 2017; Franceschini and Bertoni 2019; Kühn et al. 2018; Łuniewska et al. 2018). In these games, players may also have to face puzzle-solving and exploration challenges (Adams 2006). Action video games appear to yield substantial positive influence on cognition (McCord et al. 2020) due to their neuropsychological properties (Bediou et al. 2018): (i) the non-linear, fast pace (which stimulates a quick motor response in the player); (ii) the perceptual burden (which positively affects working memory and planning abilities); (iii) the continuous and rapid focus switching and (iv) the presence of distractors with irrelevant information to be suppressed (which elicits visual attention and task switching). In this perspective, Kühn et al. (2018) employed an action video game to reduce depression symptoms, which may cause downfall in attention, memory, and rumination. They encouraged participants with depression to play Boson X, a fast-paced game in which the player navigates a running avatar through a tunnel. The game increased the players’ ability to suppress rumination via improvements in executive function.
Effects of mobile news interface design features on users’ gaze behaviours and behavioural performance: evidence from China
Published in Behaviour & Information Technology, 2021
Xue-shuang Wang, Fu Guo, Ming-ming Li, Xiao-hui Tian
Eye movements are considered as a reliable indicator of attention (Poole and Ball 2006). It helps uncover subtle cognitive processing stages that are difficult to observe in visualisation evaluation studies (Vila and Gomez 2016). In human vision, eye movements are essential to cognitive processes as they carry visual attention to the specific parts of stimuli that are processed by the brain (Sharafi, Soh, and Guéhéneuc 2015). Visual attention is an ocular behaviour that was defined as a selective focus of central eyesight and follows a scan-path over the stimulus. A person’s gaze behaviour can be described in terms of two main elements: fixations and saccades (Cornish et al. 2019). Fixation refers to the eye movements that stabilise the retina over a stationary object of interest. It can imply the process of information acquisition (Luan et al. 2016), and tracking fixation is one of the most efficient ways to capture individual information from the external environment (Chae and Lee 2013). Fixation duration is believed to reflect the time required to process the information related to the fixation point (Rayner 1978). Generally, fixation count and fixation duration are the most commonly used metrics to measure users’ cognitive processing and visual attention (Just and Carpenter 1976; Luan et al. 2016). A saccade is a rapid eye movement from one fixation to another. The number of saccades in a scan path indicates the amount of visual search on a display, with more saccades representing a greater amount of search (Goldberg and Kotval 1999).
Influences of Color Salience and Location of Website Links on User Performance and Affective Experience with a Mobile Web Directory
Published in International Journal of Human–Computer Interaction, 2021
Yaqin Cao, Robert W. Proctor, Yi Ding, Vincent G. Duffy, Yun Zhang, Xuefeng Zhang
The result is also different from the effect of a pop-up advertisement on user attention. A pop-up advertisement in general has the effect of slowing down information search (Brajnik & Gabrielli, 2010; Burke et al., 2005). This can be explained by the contingent involuntary orienting hypothesis, which asserts that distractors sharing task-critical properties with the target will have an effect on visual attention, whereas other highly salient but task-irrelevant distractor will not (Folk et al., 1992). When users browsed mobile Web directories, the salient color was a task-relevant property that, due to the small screen size of mobile phones, tended to have a strong bottom-up effect on visual attention. Thus, H1 that a salient, distinctly colored website link would attract visual attention by a bottom-up process is supported.