China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Widget Deconstruction #2: USB Flash Drive
Published in John D. Cressler, Silicon Earth, 2017
There you have it. The USB flash drive. Very handy gadget. But quite sophisticated! One last tidbit before moving on to bigger and better things. So … gulp … do you just yank out the USB flash drive after transferring files from your laptop and assume all will be well, or do you have to go through that laborious process of shutting it down properly first by means of your Windows “Safely Remove Hardware” function on your laptop? Answer? USB flash drives are designed to “hot swap,” so it’s fine to just pull it out, as long as it is not still reading/writing. Please don’t quote me on that!
Flash Memory
Published in Shimeng Yu, Semiconductor Memory Devices and Circuits, 2022
Since its invention in the 1980s, Flash memory (especially the NAND Flash) has become the technological foundations of the following digital storage products: (1) SD memory card; (2) USB memory stick; (3) solid-state drive (SSD). The landscape of Flash-based products is shown in Figure 4.2. SD, standing for Secure Digital, is a memory card format developed for use in portable devices (e.g., mobile phones and tablets, digital cameras, etc.). The standard was introduced in 1999 by joint efforts between SanDisk, Panasonic, and Toshiba. The memory card has offered different form factors (from a larger size to a smaller size) including SD and microSD. The SD capacity standard has extended a few generations so far, including SD (up to 2 GB), SDHC (up to 32 GB), SDXC (up to 2 TB), and SDUC (up to 128 TB). The recent SD Express interface protocol could enable 1 GB/s to 4 GB/s transfer rate from SD cards. The USB memory stick is a Flash drive with an integrated Universal Serial Bus interface. The USB interface protocol has evolved generations from 1.0 to 2.0, 3.0, and 4.0 with the transfer rate improved from 1.5 MB/s to 60 MB/s, 625 MB/s, and 5 GB/s. The typical USB Flash drive offers the capacity of 32 GB up to 2 TB as of 2020, and it is primarily used for digital media storage and transfer between devices. SSD is the massive data storage technology that aims to replace the hard-disk drive (HDD). As of 2020, SSD was widely available in the capacity range of 128 GB–4 TB for consumer electronics, and up to 100 TB for enterprise electronics. On the consumer side, SSD has become a mainstream platform for personal computers and laptops. On the enterprise side, SSD is emerging as the driving force for innovating data centers. NVMe, short for Non-Volatile Memory Express, is an interface protocol built especially for SSD. NVMe works with Peripheral Component Interconnect Express (PCIe) to transfer data to and from SSD. NVMe is an improvement over the older HDD-related interfaces such as Serial AT Attachment (SATA). For example, the SATA III protocol maxes out at a throughput of 600 MB/s for SSD and 100 MB/s for a 7200 rotations per minute (RPM) HDD. NVMe drives, on the other hand, provide transfer rates as high as 3500 MB/s or even higher. The reason why SATA is sometimes used for SSD in personal computers is that the back-compatibility with the HDD systems.
Constructing and measuring domain-specific emotions for affective design: a descriptive approach to deal with individual differences
Published in Ergonomics, 2020
Mingcai Hu, Fu Guo, Vincent G. Duffy, Zenggen Ren, Peng Yue
The selected domain is indeed Universal Serial Bus (USB) flash drives (flash drives for short hereinafter) which are a type of data storage device that combines flash memory with an integrated USB interface. The list of mid-level EWs for the flash drive domain was directly adopted from the empirical study of Chou (2016). There are three main reasons:Chou’s study was conducted in the same product domain. And the participants recruited in both studies were all subject to Chinese culture.The mid-level EWs in Chou’s study were determined following the same steps as those included in the first procedure of the proposed approach.The authors would like to compare the results of constructing collective emotions by the proposed approach with that by the conventional approach.