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Solar Photovoltaic Cells, Modules, and Arrays
Published in Majid Jamil, M. Rizwan, D. P. Kothari, Grid Integration of Solar Photovoltaic Systems, 2017
Majid Jamil, M. Rizwan, D. P. Kothari
Array junction boxes are provided with one or more of the accessories mentioned here to improve their functionality: Fuse/miniature circuit breaker (MCB) overload protection on each string.Fuse/MCB overload protection on the output side.Disconnector/isolator on the output side to isolate the AJB from the main junction box (MJB)/inverter.Plug-in and plug-out PV string input connectors: these special connectors enable quick yet reliable connection and disconnection of the PV string from the array junction box. This is useful during maintenance and site up-gradation work.Blocking diodes are used for reverse current flow protection.Surge protection device for protection against electrical surges.
Photovoltaic technology
Published in Susan Neill, Geoff Stapleton, Christopher Martell, Solar Farms, 2017
Susan Neill, Geoff Stapleton, Christopher Martell
This involves a combination of earthing/grounding and surge protection devices (SPDs) in the event of nearby lightning strikes. Lightning/surge protection systems are designed to protect equipment from being directly struck by lightning, or being in the path of discharge from a strike, by directing the strike through large current-carrying conductors to earth. SPDs differ in that they provide overvoltage protection for direct and indirect lightning strikes causing magnetic fields that induce transient currents. The associated transient voltages appear at equipment terminals and may cause insulation and dielectric failures to important system components.
Frequency Controls for AC Motors
Published in Sylvester J. Campbell, Solid-State AC Motor Controls, 2020
Line surges can result from lightning, or operation of breakers and contactors that are upstream or on the same feeder with the inverter. The type of surge protection can vary widely among manufacturers, partly because the concept itself is difficult to define and also because there are several different parameters that need to be specified with surge protection. Typical are rate of rise of surge voltage, peak value, energy content of the wave, and repetitive nature of the surge.
Exploring the global publications on varistors using the Scopus database through a bibliometric analysis
Published in Journal of Asian Ceramic Societies, 2022
Muhamad Syaizwadi Shaifudin, Wan Mohamad Ikhmal Wan Mohamad Kamaruzzaman, Malia Athirah Badruddin, Abdul Muiz Aniq Aiman Mohd Suhaimi, Nursabrina Amirah Mohd Nasir, Nur Aiman Syafiq Mohd Hamidi, Wan Rafizah Wan Abdullah, Oon Jew Lee, Mohd Sabri Mohd Ghazali
In the span of 71 years, 2122 research articles have been published pertaining to the research topic of the varistor. As shown in Figure 2, the research interest in the varistor topic increased a bit in 1968. After that, an increment in publication output occurred in 1971 before dwindling from 1972 to 1974. It is noticed that substantial interest in varistor research began in 1975. It is suggested that a substantial increase in the topic began after its lowest point from 1972 to 1974, where only 1 article was published. From that point onward, a rapid increment signifying an increasing awareness of the importance of varistors was recorded. Besides, it was discovered that the quantity of articles generated increased by almost 10 and above per year from 1975 to the end of 1989. From 1989 onwards, the annual growth rate (AGR) increased by 100% in the subsequent one and two years. Although there was a minor drop in the annual number of published articles, it was discerned that a spike in the number of articles published was recorded after this period of reduction. The small but consistent annual publications throughout the year have produced a large cumulative total publication. It is expected that the number will push on for years to come as the awareness in the researcher’s community continues to grow. Unfortunately, one of the drawbacks perceived by the author is that most of the articles are not published in open access, making it harder for more researchers to recognize the significance of varistor as a surge protector to protect their electronic devices. To date, only 10.18% (216 articles) were published in open access. Thus, to exponentially increase the number of citations with wider accessibility, we proposed that more articles are to be published in open-access.