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Seismic redundancy quantification of power system: Case study of a substation
Published in Airong Chen, Xin Ruan, Dan M. Frangopol, Life-Cycle Civil Engineering: Innovation, Theory and Practice, 2021
Post-earthquake electricity has substantial effects on rescue and relief responses, especially in terms of saving lives in emergencies. Among the components of electric power networks, substations are key to transforming and distributing power and play vital roles in the stability, controllability, and serviceability of power systems (Zareei et al. 2017). Substations are complex systems consisting of various interconnected equipment, such as transformers, current/potential transformers, circuit breakers, disconnecting switches, and lightning arresters. The seismic performance of individual pieces of equipment and structures has recently undergone extensive study (Mosalam et al. 2016). Nevertheless, the seismic performance of an entire substation from the perspective of functionality remains unclear because of its high degree of redundancy and physical interaction.
Substation Automation and Control
Published in Ramesh Bansal, Power System Protection in Smart Grid Environment, 2019
Adeyemi Charles Adewole, Raynitchka Tzoneva
An electric power substation is a station within an electric power generation, transmission, and distribution system where transformation from one voltage level to another takes place. Typically, electric power is generated at a voltage level of 10–22 kV. At the transmission system, this generated voltage is transformed, or stepped-up, to voltage levels of 110, 220, 500, 765, or 1000 kV, and wheeled to the distribution system where they are stepped down to low voltages. Distribution substations are commonly fed by subtransmission lines or directly via transmission lines. The voltage level at the distribution system is usually in the medium voltage (MV) range, operates within the voltage range of about 6.6–66 kV, and may extend to the 132 kV voltage level in some instances. This serves as the last link to the customers, and the topology can be radial, ring, or mesh. The service to the secondary customers terminates at a voltage of about 400 V (three-phase circuits) or 230 V ± 10% (single-phase circuits) in Europe, Africa, most of Asia, most of South America and Australia, while 240 V (three-phase circuits) 120 V ± 5% (single-phase circuits) is used in North America.
Power Delivery Systems: Transmission and Distribution
Published in J. Lawrence, P.E. Vogt, Electricity Pricing, 2017
A substation is a facility in which voltage is transformed from one level to another in order to move a block of power between two systems (e.g., between transmission and distribution). A substation is classified as a distribution substation if the output of its transformer(s) is a primary distribution voltage. A distribution substation’s input could be a transmission, subtransmission, or even a higher distribution voltage. A distribution substation is constructed to serve either a single large customer directly or numerous small- to medium-sized customers by means of a distribution feeder system. In addition to voltage transformation, a distribution substation often has some transmission and/or primary distribution switching capability either within the facility or directly adjacent to it.
Probability-based seismic resilience assessment method for substation systems
Published in Structure and Infrastructure Engineering, 2021
Jichao Li, Tao Wang, Qingxue Shang
Substations are complex systems consisting of various interconnected equipment, such as transformers, current/potential transformers, circuit breakers, disconnecting switches, and lightning arresters. The seismic performance of individual pieces of equipment and structures has recently undergone extensive study (Mosalam, Günay, & Takhirov, 2016; Shumuta, 2007; Song, Kiureghian, & Sackman, 2007). Nevertheless, the seismic performance of a substation from the perspective of the functionality remains unclear because of the high degree of redundancy and functional interaction.
Methodology for Cost Analysis of the Unavailability of Power Transformers in Brazilian Substations
Published in Electric Power Components and Systems, 2023
Filipe Possatti Campanhola, Dion Lenon Prediger, Jones Luís Schaefer, Tiago Bandeira Marchesan, Julio Cezar Mairesse Siluk
Electric power transmission systems are composed of two subsystems, transmission lines, and substations. The substations are composed of various equipment such as circuit breakers, disconnectors, current and potential transformers, lightning rods, power transformers, and others. Among these pieces of equipment installed in a substation, the power transformers are the most crucial component [1], as they are highly complex and heterogeneous components whose operation is influenced by various thermal, mechanical, electrical, and chemical processes [2].