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Case Studies
Published in Sunan Huang, Kok Kiong Tan, Poi Voon Er, Tong Heng Lee, Intelligent Fault Diagnosis and Accommodation Control, 2020
Sunan Huang, Kok Kiong Tan, Poi Voon Er, Tong Heng Lee
In this section, the proposed fault diagnosis scheme is applied to a linear drive system. The components used in this control system consist of an amplifier, a linear drive system and a dSPACE control card 1102. The main component is the linear drive system which consists of a servomotor with a rotary encoder, and an adaptor to transmit the motion to the ball screw which converts the rotary motion of the shaft to linear motion. The incremental rotary encoder has a resolution of 256 lines/rev. The ball screw has a pitch of 2.5mm/rev. Thus, the resolution of the linear displacement is 10μm. Another hardware is the dSPACE DS1102 control board, which is built around the Texas Instruments TMS320C31 floating-point DSP. This board includes ADC, DAC and encoder components. It can deal effectively with all the necessary I/O tasks because of the high-speed connection to the DS1102 control board via the Industry Standard Architecture (ISA) bus. This control board allows full programming from within the MATLAB Simulink. Control algorithms are implemented via Simulink block diagrams with MATLAB RTI (real-time interface), compiled on a PC which can be downloaded into the DS1102 control board. The sampling period for our test is chosen as 0.001sec.
Microcontroller: Arduino
Published in Volker Ziemann, A Hands-On Course in Sensors Using the Arduino and Raspberry Pi, 2018
Output pins of a rotary encoder carry a sine-like and a cosine-like signal, respectively. We can determine whether the shaft is turned clockwise or counterclockwise depending on whether the two pins are equal or not while one of them changes on a falling edge, going from a HIGH to a LOW state. The following code implements this method using interrupts. Using interrupts has the advantage that the state of the pins does not have to be measured continuously and compared, but an interrupt_handler is registered with a certain action, in our case on a falling edge on the pin connected to the interrupt. The Arduino has two pins, numbers 2 and 3, that have the interrupt functionality. But let us look at the sketch first. //Rotary encoder, V. Ziemann, 161205 const int pinA=2,pinB=4; volatile int pos=0; void setup() { Serial.begin(9600); while (!Serial) {;} pinMode(pinA,INPUT_PULLUP); pinMode(pinB,INPUT_PULLUP); attachInterrupt(0,interrupt_handler,FALLING);//0=pin2,1=pin3 } void loop() { Serial.println(pos); delay(1000); } void interrupt_handler() { if (digitalRead(pinA)==digitalRead(pinB)){pos++;}else{pos--;} }
Industrial X-ray Computed Tomography Scanners
Published in Paolo Russo, Handbook of X-ray Imaging, 2017
Simon Zabler, Michael Böhnel, Nils Reims, Michael Salamon, Christian Fella
In Figure 46.1, the schematic setup of the Fraunhofer XXL-CT system is depicted. The manipulation system consists of two towers and a rotation stage. The two 8 m high steel framework towers are equipped with a slide system that carries the radiation source and detector. The slides are guided by a precisely aligned guide rail that allows a vertical manipulation of both components in a range of nearly 5 m in the vertical direction. The absolute positioning in the vertical direction can be measured optically with a metal tape measure. The rotation stage is a steel table with a diameter of 3.0 m and can hold up to 10 tons in weight. A rotary encoder attached to the rotation axis delivers the angular information.
The empirical correlation between the parameters influencing the performance and emissions of CI engine run by aqueous nanofluid fuel blends using response surface methodology
Published in Petroleum Science and Technology, 2022
Sorakka Ponnappan Venkatesan, Kadiresh Parthasarathy Natarajan, Jeya Jeevahan Jayaraj
The diesel engine used for this experiment is a four-stroke, single-cylinder, constant speed, and direct injection water-cooled engine that has a rated brake power output of 4.4 kW at 1500 rpm. Figure 2 shows the schematic diagram of the experimental set-up. A dynamometer (eddy current) is coupled to the engine. The load cell on the dynamometer is used to calculate the applied load on the engine. A buret with an infrared optical sensor measures the fuel flow to the engine. An air sensor measures the flow rate of air to the engine during the suction stroke. The combustion analyzer receives the cylinder's combustion status through a rotary encoder and pressure transducer. From the combustion analyzer, it is transformed and sent to the computer systematically. The computer displays the plots of curves of the cylinder combustion pressure and the heat release. The technical specifications of the diesel engine are presented in Table 2. Exhaust emissions of the engine are measured by using AVL make smoke meter and gas analyzer. The specification details of AVL make smoke meter and gas analyzer are given in Table 3. The uncertainty of measuring instruments and parameters are shown in Tables 4 and 5. All the engine load tests are carried out at the constant compression ratio of 17.5:1 and observed readings are recorded under the steady-state operating condition of the engine.
Effects of waste chicken fat derived biodiesel on the performance and emission characteristics of a compression ignition engine
Published in International Journal of Ambient Energy, 2020
Debabrata Barik, R. Vijayaraghavan
A turbine type water flow sensor was used to measure the water flow rate to the engine casing water jacket and to the exhaust gas calorimeter. Fine control stainless steel ball valves were used to control the water flow rate to the engine head jacket, exhaust gas calorimeter, and the pressure sensor cooling adapter. The exhaust manifold line of the engine was well insulated with ceramic rope to reduce the heat loss by radiation, which helped to measure the exact heat loss through the exhaust gas. A piezo trionic pressure sensor was mounted on the engine head to measure the combustion pressure. A water cooling adapter was connected to the piezo trionic pressure sensor for its cooling purpose. A low noise cable was connected to the pressure sensor and the signal conditioner for data transformation. A rotary encoder was mounted near the coupling with a reference for measuring the engine speed, crank angle, and TDC position. A multi-channel temperature indicator with K-type thermocouples were used for sensing the exhaust gas temperature, water inlet temperature, and outlet temperature.
Design of a novel 6-DOF haptic master mechanism using MR clutches and gravity compensator
Published in Mechanics Based Design of Structures and Machines, 2018
Byung-Keun Song, Seok-Rae Kang, Seung-Woo Cha, Yong-Hoon Hwang, Jong-Seok Oh, Seung-Bok Choi
A rotary encoder is used as an angle measurement sensor to implement the translation motion in the body part. Additionally, a DC motor, a planetary gear system, and a bi-directional MR clutch are used to implement the reaction force. The power generated by the dc motor is transmitted to planetary gear. The planetary gear system causes the rotation of the dc motor in a single direction to rotate the rotor shaft 1 and causes the rotation of the rotor shaft 2 in the opposite direction. The MR clutch is designed such that it is compact in size to reduce the influence of inertia, and a multi-disc type is applied to produce a high torque as shown in Fig. 2. The internal part of the clutch is divided into two parts based on the direction of rotation. The left part is connected to shaft 2 and rotates clockwise. The right part is connected to shaft 1 and rotates counterclockwise. The disks are connected to the shaft and the casing. Furthermore, when no current is applied to the coil, torque is not generated with the exception of the viscous friction of the fluid between the disks, and the viscous friction is also offset in the opposite direction at the same velocity. When the current is applied to coil 1 and coil 2, yield stress occurs between the disks due to the magnetic field. When the current is applied to coil 1, the casing rotates in the direction of shaft 1. When the current is applied to coil 2, the casing rotates in the direction of shaft 2.