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Streaming Media Encryption
Published in Borko Furht, Darko Kirovski, Multimedia Encryption and Authentication Techniques and Applications, 2006
The RTP is a standard protocol for the end-to-end network transport of real-time data, including audio and video. It can be used for both types of streaming media: media-on-demand and live media. RTP consists of a data part and a control part. The latter is called RTCP. In RTP, timing information and a sequence number contained in the RTP header are used to cope with packet loss and reordering. This allows the receivers to reconstruct the timing produced, so that chunks of streaming media are continuously played out. This timing reconstruction is performed separately for each source of RTP packets in the streaming media. The sequence number can also be used by the receiver to estimate how many packets are being lost. Furthermore, reception reports using RTCP are used to check how well the current streaming media is being received and may be used to control adaptive encodings.
Streaming Media Encryption
Published in Borko Furht, Darko Kirovski, Multimedia Security Handbook, 2004
The RTP is a standard protocol for the end-to-end network transport of real-time data, including audio and video. It can be used for both types of streaming media: media-on-demand and live media. RTP consists of a data part and a control part. The latter is called RTCP. In RTP, timing information and a sequence number contained in the RTP header are used to cope with packet loss and reordering. This allows the receivers to reconstruct the timing produced, so that chunks of streaming media are continuously played out. This timing reconstruction is performed separately for each source of RTP packets in the streaming media. The sequence number can also be used by the receiver to estimate how many packets are being lost. Furthermore, reception reports using RTCP are used to check how well the current streaming media is being received and may be used to control adaptive encodings.
Basic Session Initiation Protocol
Published in Radhika Ranjan Roy, Handbook on Session Initiation Protocol, 2018
should be used by each participant if there is no common codec supported among the conferees. In this situation, the conferees may use the transcoding services for preventing failures of the session establishment. Real-Time Transport Control Protocol (RTCP) is based on the periodic transmission of control packets to all participants in the session and provides feedback on the quality of the data (e.g., RTP packets of audio/video) distribution. This is an integral part of RTP’s role as a transport protocol and is related to the flow and congestion control functions of other transport protocols.
Design and implementation of a VoIP PBX integrated Vietnamese virtual assistant: a case study
Published in Journal of Information and Telecommunication, 2023
Hai Son Hoang, Anh Khoa Tran, Thanh Phong Doan, Huu Khoa Tran, Ngoc Minh Duc Dang, Hoang Nam Nguyen
The basic steps to make a call in VoIP are as follows: The caller determines where to call (e.g. country code, province code) and dials the number to call.Connections are established between the caller and the receiver.When speaking into a headset or microphone the voice produces an electromagnetic signal, which is an analogue signal. These are converted into digital signals using a unique algorithm. The digitized voice is then encapsulated and sent over the IP network. During the process, a protocol such as SIP or H323 controls the call by setting up, dialling, or disconnecting, for example. A Real-time Transport Protocol (RTP) is used to ensure reliability and to maintain the quality of service during transmission.Data are transferred over the initially established connection.Data containing the spoken sounds are converted back into sound that can be understood by the listener.Finally, the spoken sound is played on the receiver's side.
Real-Time Electricity Retail Pricing Dual Optimization With Context-Based Fuzzy Optimal Algorithm
Published in Electric Power Components and Systems, 2022
Jafferi Jamaludin, Hiromitsu Ohmori, Saaidal Razalli Azzuhri
It is noted that the proposed RTP also results in high computational cost as compared with the conventional RTP. This is expected since in the proposed RTP structure as shown Figure 2, there are two additional blocks included namely fuzzy inference block and context-based membership function tuning block. These two blocks are not required in the conventional RTP structure as portrayed in Figure 3. As a result, there is an extra iteration loop as reflected in Figure 4 to compute Δft. Hence, the proposed RTP consumes more computational time and memory in order to execute the entire algorithm. However, the advancement in digital signal processing technology in recent years helps to mitigate this concern so that the proposed RTP is practical for real-time implementation.
Efficient video transmission—a critical review of various protocols and strategies
Published in Journal of the Chinese Institute of Engineers, 2021
Ali Siddique, Abdul Rauf Bhatti, Ahmed Bilal Awan, Arslan Dawood Butt, Ali S. Alghamdi, Muhammad Farhan, Nadia Rasheed
The Real-time transport protocols (RTP) and HTTP are the two commonly used application-layer protocols. Although RTP is not an application-level protocol, it is often compared with HTTP. The RTP is normally run over UDP and may be easily used with SCTP or DCCP, whereas HTTP generally runs over TCP. For more details on how RTP is used with DCCP, refer to Perkins (2010). If the RTP is to be used over TCP, a framing mechanism is required (Lazzaro 2006). The HTTP is typically used for pre-coded video streaming applications. The RTP is accompanied by a control protocol i.e. real-time control protocol (RTCP, see [Schulzrinne et al. 2003]). The RTCP can provide quality-related feedback information for an ongoing RTP session, together with identification information for participants of an RTP session. The RTCP monitors transmission statistics and QoS information. The RTCP can inform the encoder about the network and transmission path characteristics as observed by the decoder. The encoder may then adapt to the error-resilience and transmission rates in real-time.