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Limos—Live Patient Monitoring System
Published in Saravanan Krishnan, Ramesh Kesavan, B. Surendiran, G. S. Mahalakshmi, Handbook of Artificial Intelligence in Biomedical Engineering, 2021
T. Ananth Kumar, S. Arunmozhi Selvi, R.S. Rajesh, P. Sivananaintha Perumal, J. Stalin
The receiver module has two modules such as a demodulation circuit and a microcontroller. The transmitted optical pulse is retrieved back into an electrical signal using a photodiode that is inbuilt in the demodulation circuit. The photodiode is a semiconductor that converts the light signal into electric current. The need for the photodiode in this transmitter section is a rapid response time with spectral sensitivity in the visible spectrum and a large radiation-sensitive area. The converted electrical signal is feeble and overwhelmed by noise. Then, it undergoes demodulation through envelope detection to demodulate the data from the carrier signal. The receiver does the filtering and then amplifies the signal. After amplification, the signal will be in an analog form that stances to fed into an analog-to-digital converter, before sending it to the Arduino board. The photodiode generates the current at very low value; hence, for converting this current into a voltage, a high-value resistor is used. Further voltage is again amplified by a comparator circuit to give properly transmitted bits. The amplitude of the amplified voltage is the output of the 741 op-amp. Then, the voltage comparator transforms the signal into a digital format before feeding into the micro-controller that transmits the data serially to another device. Figure 14.9 shows the receiver module that transmits data 38,400 baud rate serially. It covers 5–15 ft distance. The coverage area can be increased by changing the LED wattage.
Use of low cost photosensitive sensors in scale models for daylighting studies
Published in Paul Fazio, Hua Ge, Jiwu Rao, Guylaine Desmarais, Research in Building Physics and Building Engineering, 2020
P.S. Scarazzato, M.H. Yamanaka, D.C.L. Pereira, F. Ciampini
Photodiode is an electronic semiconductor component that generates an electric current directly proportional to the intensity of the received light. This occur due to the excitement of the electrons of the component’s crystal when the energy of the incident light is sufficient to liberate the electron of its layer of valency and to create the condition for the electric current circulation for the crystal.
Sensors
Published in Bogdan M. Wilamowski, J. David Irwin, Control and Mechatronics, 2018
Tiantian Xie, Bogdan M. Wilamowski
Photodiode is a type of photodetector device converting light into either current or voltage depending on the mode of operation. When a photon of sufficient energy strikes the diode, it excites an electron, thereby creating a mobile electron and a positively charged electron hole. If the absorption occurs in the junction’s depletion region, or one diffusion length away from it, these carriers are swept from the junction by the built-in field of the depletion region. Thus, holes move toward the anode, and electrons toward the cathode, and a photocurrent is produced.
Temporal Profiling of Electron Temperatures Using the Hα–Hβ Line Emission and Triple Langmuir Probe Array in the Pre-Ionization Discharge of the MT-I Spherical Tokamak
Published in Fusion Science and Technology, 2020
M. Usman Naseer, F. Deeba, S. I. W. Shah, S. Hussain, A. Qayyum
A spectroscopic system based on photodiodes combined with narrow-band optical filters for selected wavelengths has been installed on the MT-I for the temporal characterization of discharge through light emission. The spectral range of the silicon photodiodes being used is from 300 to 1100 nm with a response time of 10 ns and an active area of 5 mm2 (circular). The light from the plasma is collected through narrow holes fitted with optical filters of Hα-Hβ radiations, respectively, along two individual line-of-sight channels with spatial resolution of about 5 cm. Figures 2a and 2b show the top and side views for the conceptual layout of the line-of-sight configuration used for measurements of plasma emissions by photodiodes fitted with narrow-band filters.
Levenberg–Marquardt-Based Non-Invasive Blood Glucose Measurement System
Published in IETE Journal of Research, 2018
Jyoti Yadav, Asha Rani, Vijander Singh, Bhaskar Mohan Murari
Monolithic photodiode/preamplifier integrated circuits housed in a clear 8-pin DIP package (OPT101, Texas Instruments) are used to detect the attenuated light. This photodiode has sensitivity starting from 300 to 1100 nm. Photodiode has high responsivity of 0.5 A/W at 940 nm. Figure 2 represents the block diagram of the proposed experimental system utilized in this pilot study. LM 324 IC used for filters, consists of four independent high-gain frequency-compensated operational amplifiers, designed specifically to operate on single supply over a wide range of voltages. The invivo prototype is designed to assess the feasibility of proposed blood glucose measurement technique.
The Modified MPPT for PV System with Interleaved Hybrid DC-to-DC Boost Converter
Published in Electric Power Components and Systems, 2023
Hasan Uzmus, Naci Genc, M. Ali Celık
The solar cell is actually a photodiode. When photons in solar irradiation come to the photodiode surface, the p–n junction of the photodiode breaks down and causes electrons flow through it. So, direct current (DC) electric energy flows in the opposite direction of the electron flow [37]. The PV panel consists of solar cells. The PV panel converts solar energy into electrical energy. The maintenance cost of the PV panel, that doesn’t include any moving parts, is low [38]. However, it generates limited nonlinear voltage with low efficiency [39]. The equivalent model of the solar cell with one diode was presented in Figure 3.