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The Front Office—A Highly Visible and Easy Target
Published in Norman J. Crampton, Preventing Waste at the Source, 2018
The office machine industry classifies photocopiers according to the number of copies they will print per minute, and speed generally correlates to duplex copying ability. The smallest, least expensive machines produce less than 10 copies per minute and are not built to print automatically on both sides of the sheet, although an operator may be able to achieve duplexing manually. The largest, most expensive machines run at 90 or more copies per minute and will automatically duplex on demand. In general, personal and convenience copiers—machines with speeds under 45 copies per minute—account for less than 20% of duplex copying. Most duplexing is done on the larger, faster equipment in staffed copy centers.
Investigating particle emissions and aerosol dynamics from a consumer fused deposition modeling 3D printer with a lognormal moment aerosol model
Published in Aerosol Science and Technology, 2018
Qian Zhang, Girish Sharma, Jenny P. S. Wong, Aika Y. Davis, Marilyn S. Black, Pratim Biswas, Rodney J. Weber
Fused deposition modeling (FDM) is the most common extrusion-based 3D printing technology in which a filament is heated to a semi-liquid state and deposited on a build plate in layers to construct a three-dimensional object (Zukas and Zukas 2015). FDM printers are popular with the general public due to their low-cost and ease of operation. These printers are found in small-scale manufacturing spaces, design offices, schools, libraries, and personal residences (Berman 2012; Gibson et al. 2010). It is known that commercial extrusion processing and degradation of thermoplastics produce both particles and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) (Adams et al. 1999; Hoff et al. 1982), some of which are toxic (Rutkowski and Levin 1986; Yoon et al. 2010). Concerns over potential hazardous exposures from 3D printer emissions have been raised since some are used in spaces not designed for manufacturing. Most concerning is susceptible population exposure, such as children. These concerns follow a similar pattern to those relating to photocopier and laser printer emissions (Khatri et al. 2013; Pirela et al. 2013). A number of studies have characterized emissions of gases and particles from FDM 3D printers to help assess exposure levels.