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Four-element wave patch multiband MIMO antenna for 5G application
Published in Yadwinder Kumar, Shrivishal Tripathi, Balwinder Raj, Multifunctional MIMO Antennas, 2022
Richa Kumari, Yadwinder Kumar, Ajay Mudgil, Balwinder Singh
The user end makes use of the patch antenna. A patch antenna is low profile, lightweight, low cost, and easy to manufacture and is configured with enough technology to work with recent wireless communication systems. Often called PCB antennas, they are etched on a PCB using the process of photolithography. A patch antenna has a substrate, a patch, a feed line, a feed, and a ground, as shown in Figure 7.1. On providing the feed, the region above the ground and the region below patch are ionized to opposite kinds of charges, creating attractive and repulsive forces. The attractive force exists between opposite charges above the ground plane and below the patch, whereas the repulsive force exists among the like charges below the patch. As a result of this, some charges move up the patch. For h/W ≪ 1 (h is the height of the substrate and W is the width of the patch), the attractive force is dominant over the repulsive one. But since there is some current at the edges of the patch because of the transfer of some charges though the dielectric and ground plane which is not truncated to the length and breadth of the patch but extended beyond it. There is fringing shown by the front and end terminals of the patch to the dielectric. The rest of the terminals have their fields canceled out.
Importance and Uses of Microstrip Antenna in IoT
Published in Praveen Kumar Malik, Planar Antennas, 2021
There are multiple techniques to feed the patch antenna viz coaxial feed, microstrip line feed, inset feed, proximity coupled feed, and aperture coupled feed [14,15]. Electromagnetic energy from the feeding line is first directed or coupled and concentrated mostly in the region below the patch, which serves as a resonant cavity with open circuits at two edges. Some of this energy is flowing out of the cavity and radiating into space, contributing to the antenna radiation. Microstrip antennas have many advantages compared to others such as low profile, conformal, rugged, and suitable for PCB manufacturing, easy integration with other circuit elements, easy to design for dual polarization, and can support multi frequency operation. Considering these examples, the microstrip patch antenna has gained much popularity among antenna designers for designing antennas for commercial IoT applications, mobile, and other wireless communication systems. Some of the commonly used microstrip antenna used for IoT applications are given below:
Introduction to Metamaterials
Published in Devendra Kumar Sharma, Rohit Sharma, Bhadra Pokharel, Vinod Kumar, Raghvendra Kumar, Advances in Antenna, Signal Processing, and Microelectronics Engineering, 2021
Ragini Sharma, Vandana Niranjan, Vibhav K. Sachan
Microstrip patch antennas are widely used antennas owing to their advantages such as compact size, easy to fabricate, and low cost. A microstrip patch antenna comprises a radiating patch on one side of a dielectric substrate and a ground plane on the other side. The patch is generally made up of a conducting material such as copper or gold. The patch can be of different shapes, for example, square, elliptical, inverted F, rectangular, circular, and triangular. Microstrip lines or coaxial lines are used for providing feed to the microstrip patch antenna. A rectangular microstrip patch antenna is shown in Figure 10.3. Microstrip patch antennas are used in wireless communication and mobile industries, and in medical and scientific research fields. The microstrip patch antenna suffered from disadvantages such as low gain and narrow bandwidth. To improve these characteristics, metamaterial can be embodied with the patch antenna. Metamaterial also reduces the dimension of the antenna [21, 22].
Performance improvement of antenna array element for mobile communication
Published in Waves in Random and Complex Media, 2023
The circular patch antenna improves the unidirectional and bidirectional radiation pattern. To maximize the pattern of gain and radiation pattern received, the triangular patch antenna is utilized. The rectangular patch antenna is used to maximize gain, bandwidth, VSWR, and radiation pattern received. In comparison to the Inverted U-shaped patch antenna, the Double F-Slots patch antenna is designed to raise the antenna output (Gain, quality) to increase the Gain from 4.24 to 5.99 and the quality from 46.73% to 69.83% (improvement of 49.43%). The inverted U-shaped patch antenna is designed as a reference antenna with low efficiency since some power is reflected back to the antenna owing to a mismatch between the patch antenna and the microstrip feed line, lowering the antenna's output. A revolutionary configuration is presented for F-slot patch antenna operation at 58.10 GHz for C-Band applications [18–22]. The rectangular patch antenna is often used in Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, GSM, GPRS, and Cellular Local Area Networks applications. The antenna array is used to boost gain and directivity in the current contact approach.
Design and performance analysis of wearable antenna for ISM band applications
Published in International Journal of Electronics, 2023
The demand of the world to be connected most of the time with the help of portable smart devices caused the extensive growth in wearable electronics. The wearable antennas are applicable in the wireless communications such as Bluetooth, UWB, WiFi, WLAN, WIMAX, medical and ISM Band (Monti et al., 2016; Zong-zuo & Guo, 2017; Pei et al., 2020; Wang et al., 2021; Varma et al., 2021). The Microstrip patch antenna has features of light weight, ease of fabrication and low cost. But it requires compromise in case of bandwidth and efficiency as presented by (Srinivasan & Gopalakrishnan, 2019; Wael Ali et al., 2017; S. N. Mahmood et al., 2021). In today’s world, vast research is being done on wireless communications system antennas applicable for multiband applications (Kothari et al., 2016; S. N. Mahmood et al., 2021). In the multiband antennas, the single antenna is used for multiple applications. Various methods have been implemented for antenna designs by (Zhong & Jiang, 2020., Khade et al., 2020; Prasad et al., 2018; Kapoor et al., 2021) to attain the multiband characteristics. The methods used for multiband characteristics include the use of notch, slots and fractal designs as designed by (Ajay Singh et al., 2017., Rmili et al., 2017; Desai et al., 2018; Mamatha & Hadalgi, 2022; Ghimire & Choi, 2019; Rajawat & Singhal, 2020). The slotted antennas are designed by trenching different shapes like U, A, L, E, F etc. shapes in the antenna geometries. The slot can be etched into the patch or ground plane to resonate at desired frequency bands (Gautam et al., 2016; Rahman, 2016).
Compact Pattern Diversity Antenna with 3-D Printed All-dielectric Superstrate for WLAN Access Points
Published in IETE Journal of Research, 2023
S. Swapna, G. S. Karthikeya, Shiban K. Koul, Ananjan Basu
The patch antenna radiates in the broadside direction. As the patch antenna is moved away from this phase centre of the substrate, the beam of the patch antenna begins to tilt away from the broadside direction. Furthermore, the antenna is away from the phase centre, further will be the beam tilt. It was observed that beyond 45°, significant side lobes get generated and the patch antenna loses its directional radiation pattern. Then, the patch antenna was shifted from the phase centre providing a beam tilt of 45°. Then another patch was placed appropriately for a beam tilt of 15°. The antennas 3 and 4 are mirrored designs of antennas 1 and 2 in order to obtain symmetric beam tilt across the antenna module. The separation of 0.5 mm was chosen because further reduction in distance between the antennas made them to be non-resonant at the designed frequency. For separations more than 1 mm, the beam tilting behaviour of the antenna disappears and the patch antennas radiate in the broadside direction. This also proves that wide angle beam scanning could be achieved with highly electrically compact elements. The antennas 2 and 3 experience coupling from two antennas from either sides, which reduces their gain to 3.3 dBi as compared to the gains of antennas 1 and 4 which has a gain of 5.6 dBi.