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Application of Plant-microbe Interactions in Contaminated Agro-ecosystem Management
Published in Vivek Kumar, Rhizomicrobiome Dynamics in Bioremediation, 2021
PCBs, forming a class of organic aromatic compound, are used worldwide for a variety of applications. PCBs accumulating in the soil can be harmful for human and environmental health. It was reported that the biphenyl dioxygenase enzyme, produced by Burkholderia cepaciastrain LB400, C. testosterone B-365, and Rhodococcus globerulus P6 (Barriault et al. 2002) is able to degrade PCBs in presence of oxygen (Ang et al. 2005). Genetically modified strains of Pseudomonas fluorescens F113rifbph and Pseudomonas fluorescens F113:1180 strains positively impacted the degradation capacity of PCBs compared with wildtype rhizospheric bacteria (Brazil et al. 1995, Villacieros et al. 2005). Furthermore, in situ applications using the genetically modified strain Pseudomonas fluorescens F113 : 1180 were successful (Villacieros et al. 2005).
Lakes and Reservoirs: Pollution
Published in Brian D. Fath, Sven E. Jørgensen, Megan Cole, Managing Water Resources and Hydrological Systems, 2020
Subhankar Karmakar, O.M. Musthafa
A large diversity of organic pollutants poses a serious threat to aquatic ecosystems. PCBs and 3,4-benzpyrene were confirmed as jeopardizing Lake Constance.[19] However, pesticide is the major group of contaminants in the top layers of sediments. The recognition of DDT as being harmful to human and animals served as the eye opener to serious consequences of various pesticides. PCBs are also considered as persistent organic pollutants and, thus, have huge potential hazards. The main sources of pesticides in lakes and reservoirs are 1) agriculture and forestry; 2) actions against aquatic weeds (e.g., water fern Salvinia molesta, Eichhornia crassipes); 3) actions against parasites and waterborne diseases (e.g., malaria and schistosomiasis); and 4) regulation of fish populations with rotenone (an active ingredient of derris, which is used as a fish poison for centuries). Atrazine, which is used for the protection of corn from weeds, is demonstrated as detrimental to human, and hence, it has recently been proscribed in many countries. Likewise, lindane, a persistent organochlorine insecticide, is toxic to fish in concentrations as low as 1 ppm. Pesticides are applied for curbing undesirable weeds such as water fern Salvinia sp. and Azolla sp., water hyacinth E. crassipes, water lettuce Pistia stratiotes, etc. Application of the pesticides should only be considered in cases where mechanical and biological approaches fail.[19]
Safety Issues for RF Systems
Published in Jerry C. Whitaker, The RF Transmission Systems Handbook, 2017
Properly managing the PCB risk is not difficult. The keys are to understand the regulations and to follow them carefully. A PCB management program should include the following steps: Locate and identify all PCB devices. Check all stored or spare devices.Properly label PCB transformers and capacitors according to EPA requirements.Perform the required inspections, and maintain an accurate log of PCB items, their location, inspection results, and actions taken. These records must be maintained for 3 years after disposal of the PCB component.Complete the annual report of PCBs and PCB items by July 1 of each year. This report must be retained for 5 years.Arrange for any necessary disposal through a company licensed to handle PCBs. If there are any doubts about the company’s license, contact the EPA.Report the location of all PCB transformers to the local fire department and owners of any nearby buildings.
Management of waste lubricant oil in Europe: A circular economy approach
Published in Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 2021
Carolina T. Pinheiro, Margarida J. Quina, Licínio M. Gando-Ferreira
In case of the collection operator receive a contaminated WLO load, for instance with chlorine >2000 ppm, then all the tank truckload may be contaminated. A container contaminated with chlorine >2000 ppm must be disposed of as chlorinated waste and is not recycled. Thus, WLO generators must adopt suitable storage practices of different types of wastes, avoiding non-conformities. Additionally, WLO regeneration operators shall ensure that the base oil resulting from such operation do not have on their composition dangerous substances, according to the applicable legislation. WLO containing PCB/PCT with concentrations greater than 50 ppm are generally excluded from the regular management of WLO. In this case, the wastes contaminated with PCB must be destroyed by incineration (Jahromi et al., 2014).
Bentonite addition to a PCB-contaminated sandy soil improved the growth and phytoremediation efficiency of Zea mays L. and Alternanthera sessilis L.
Published in International Journal of Phytoremediation, 2020
Maryam Salimizadeh, Mehran Shirvani, Hossein Shariatmadari, Mohammad Seddiq Mortazavi
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are chlorinated aromatic hydrocarbons used in a variety of industries because of their excellent dielectric properties and resistance to heat and chemical degradation (Erickson and Kaley 2011). Despite the ban on the production and application of PCBs in many countries since the early 1970s, the total global production of PCBs has already exceeded 1.3 million tons (Breivik et al. 2002). A significant amount of PCBs has been released into the environment worldwide due to spills and improper transport, storage, and disposal of PCB-containing products or wastes (Nogales et al. 1999). For example, it has been estimated that one-third of the total USA production of PCBs (∼1.4 × 109 lb) has been released into the environment (Hutzinger and Veerkamp 1981). PCBs are also currently released into the environment from poorly maintained landfills containing PCB waste materials and products, municipal and industrial incineration of refuse and wastes, improper dumping of PCB materials into open areas, and leaks from electrical transformers (USEPA 2014). PCBs are extremely persistent in the environment and potentially toxic to humans and other organisms (Carpenter 2006). Exposure to PCBs can contribute to the induction of a variety of adverse health effects in animals and humans, including neurological disorders, immunotoxic effects, reproductive anomalies, and auditory deficits (Powers et al. 2009).
Coupling of bioaugmentation and phytoremediation to improve PCBs removal from a transformer oil-contaminated soil
Published in International Journal of Phytoremediation, 2018
Maryam Salimizadeh, Mehran Shirvani, Hossein Shariatmadari, Mahnaz Nikaeen, Seyedeh Leili Mohebi Nozar
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are a class of chlorinated aromatic hydrocarbons that have been manufactured for the use in a wide range of industrial and commercial applications, particularly as coolants and lubricants in transformers, capacitors, and other electrical equipment. PCBs are extremely persistent in the environment and potentially toxic to humans and other organisms (Rahuman et al.2000; Carpenter 2006). Many countries, therefore, have prohibited the production and use of PCBs since 1970s. It has been reported that more than 1.5 million tons of PCBs have been produced world-wide (excluding the USSR and China) between 1929 and 1988 (Koppe and Keys 2001), a significant amount of which has been released into the environment and accumulated in soils and sediments (Sericano et al.1995; Nogales et al.1999). PCBs may be released into the environment through accidental spills, leakage from the old electrical equipment, and improper storage, disposal, and incineration of the products and materials containing PCBs (Ross 2004). Growing concerns over the potential health and environmental risks related to PCBs have highlighted the need for effective clean-up measures of PCB-contaminated soils and sediments.