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Symbols, Terminology, and Nomenclature
Published in W. M. Haynes, David R. Lide, Thomas J. Bruno, CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 2016
W. M. Haynes, David R. Lide, Thomas J. Bruno
Molar quantity - It is often convenient to express an extensive quantity (e.g., volume, enthalpy, heat capacity, etc.) as the actual value divided by amount of substance (number of moles). The resulting quantity is called molar volume, molar enthalpy, etc. Molar refraction (R) - A property of a dielectric defined by the equation R = Vm[(n2-1)/(n2+2)], where n is the index of refraction of the medium (at optical wavelengths) and Vm the molar volume. It is related to the polarizability of the molecules that make up the medium by the Lorenz-Lorentz equation, R = NA/30 , where NA is Avogadro's constant and 0 is the permittivity of a vacuum. Molarity (c) - A measure of concentration of a solution in which one states the amount of substance (i.e., number of moles) of solute per liter of solution. Thus a 0.1 molar solution (often referred to as 0.1 M) has a concentration c = 0.1 mol/L. Mole (mol)* - The SI base unit of amount of substance. [1] Mole fraction (xB) - The ratio of the amount of substance (number of moles) of substance B to the total amount of substance in a mixture. [1] Molecular orbital - See Orbital. Molecular weight (Mr)* - The ratio of the average mass per molecule or specified entity of a substance to 1/12 of the mass of nuclide 12C. Also called relative molar (or molecular) mass. [1] Moment of inertia (I) - The moment of inertia of a body about an axis is the sum (or integral) of the products of its elements of mass and the squares of their distances from the axis. [1] Momentum (p) - The product of mass and velocity. [1] Monomer - A substance consisting of molecules which can undergo polymerization, thereby contributing constitutional units to the essential structure of a macromolecule. [8] Monosaccharides - A term which includes aldoses, ketoses, and a wide variety of derivatives. [5] Mössbauer effect - The recoilless emission of -rays from nuclei bound in a crystal under conditions where the recoil energy associated with the emission is taken up by the crystal as a whole. This results in a very narrow line width, which can be exploited in various types of precise measurements. Muon* - An unstable elementary particle of spin 1/2 and mass about 200 times that of the electron. Naphtha - The petroleum fraction consisting mostly of C6 to C8 hydrocarbons and boiling in the range 80-120 °C. Solvents derived from this fraction include ligroin and petroleum ether. Nautical mile - A non-SI unit of length, equal to exactly 1852 m. Navier-Stokes equations - A set of complex equations for the motion of a viscous fluid subject to external forces. Néel temperature (TN)* - The critical temperature above which an antiferromagnetic substance becomes paramagnetic. [1] Nernst effect - The production of an electric field in a conductor subject to an applied magnetic field and containing a transverse temperature gradient. The electric field is perpendicular to the magnetic field and the temperature gradient. Network - In polymer science, a highly ramified macromolecule in which essentially each constitutional unit is connected to each other constitutional unit and to the macroscopic phase boundary by many permanent paths through the macromolecule, the number of such paths increasing with the number of intervening bonds. The paths must on the average be coextensive with the macromolecule. [8]
Sm-Co-based amorphous alloy films for zero-field operation of transverse thermoelectric generation
Published in Science and Technology of Advanced Materials, 2022
Rajkumar Modak, Yuya Sakuraba, Takamasa Hirai, Takashi Yagi, Hossein Sepehri-Amin, Weinan Zhou, Hiroto Masuda, Takeshi Seki, Koki Takanashi, Tadakatsu Ohkubo, Ken-ichi Uchida
In recent years, the research on spin caloritronics is showing a new direction with the demonstration of many magneto-thermoelectric effects by advanced heat detection techniques [1–5]. The magneto-thermoelectric effects that provide interconversion between heat and charge currents in magnetic materials exhibit unique thermoelectric conversion functionalities, which potentially enable versatile thermal energy harvesting and active thermal management for electronic and spintronic devices. Among the magneto-thermoelectric effects, the anomalous Nernst effect (ANE) and its Onsager reciprocal called anomalous Ettingshausen effect (AEE) are of particular interest due to their unique heat-charge current conversion symmetry [6–12]. ANE (AEE) generates a charge (heat) current in the direction perpendicular to an applied temperature gradient (charge current) and magnetization M:
Energy-harvesting materials based on the anomalous Nernst effect
Published in Science and Technology of Advanced Materials, 2019
Masaki Mizuguchi, Satoru Nakatsuji
Recently, the research field covering spintronics and thermoelectrics, that is, ‘spin caloritronics’, has attracted significant attention [1–7]. The thermoelectric conversion from heat to electric energy via spin has proved promising for further developing the energy-harvesting technology because spin can be controlled by quite a small energy in nanostructures. Traditionally, the Seebeck effect is known as a representative thermoelectric effect and widely used in numerous nonmagnetic thermoelectric devices. This effect directly converts heat into electricity; electric power can be created along the direction of temperature gradient. On the other hand, the Nernst effect is another well-known thermoelectric effect [8]. When the temperature gradient (∇T) and the magnetic field (H), which are normal to each other, are applied to a conductor, an electromotive force is induced normal to both of ∇T and H, and a Nernst voltage can be observed. In addition, if the material has a spontaneous magnetization, spontaneous term of the Nernst effect becomes superimposed on the normal Nernst term as shown in Figure 1(a). This spontaneous term is called the anomalous Nernst effect (ANE) and frequently observed in ferromagnetic materials as shown in Figure 1(b) [6,7,9–14]. An observable electric field (E) is described as
Strongly correlated oxides for energy harvesting
Published in Science and Technology of Advanced Materials, 2018
Jobu Matsuno, Jun Fujioka, Tetsuji Okuda, Kazunori Ueno, Takashi Mizokawa, Takuro Katsufuji
Topological material has been a subject of intensive research in the modern solid state physics. In topological semimetals (Dirac semimetal or Weyl semimetal), highly mobile relativistic (Dirac/Weyl) electrons with massless or small mass character show up in bulk and offer a playground to study novel electrical and thermal functions. For example, high-mobility carrier is one of preferential features to fabricate excellent thermoelectric device as already demonstrated in conventional materials. Moreover, the quantal phase (Berry phase) often causes unusual electromagnetic response such as giant anomalous Hall/Nernst-effect via the ‘fictitious magnetic field’ in momentum space. Recent research successively clarified various candidate materials including the chalcogenides, pnictides, organic salts and transition-metal oxides. Among them, the 5d transition-metal oxide provides an opportunity to study the fundamental physics of magnetism or strong correlation effect of Dirac/Weyl electron. Moreover, the fabrication technique of atomically controlled interface or thin film of oxides has been established in these decades, which provides various possibilities to develop thermoelectric or spin devices. Here, we briefly review the recent research on the correlated Dirac/Weyl semimetal of iridium oxide and present perspective for thermoelectric functions.