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Thin-Film Thermoelectrics
Published in Sam Zhang, Materials for Devices, 2023
Xizu Wang, Ady Suwardi, Qiang Zhu, Jianwei Xu
Machines all around the world ranging from airline, marine, factories, or even simple smart watches generate heat. More than two-third of energy utilized worldwide is dissipated as heat and released into the atmosphere, so it is important that the waste heat can be utilized to generate eco-friendly power for economic and environmental benefit. Thermoelectric (TE) materials have the ability to convert heat into electricity.1,2 TE generators (TEG) are solid-state semiconductor devices that convert a temperature difference and heat flow into a useful direct current (DC) power source.3,4 TEGs are essentially of solid-state, no movement, and no noise, making them ideal for power generation. with the help of Seebeck effect and Peltier effect, TE materials can generate useful electric (or electromagnetic) fields. in the presence of a temperature gradient, the Seebeck effect develops an electric potential.5 the Peltier effect on the other hand can pass on heat energy against the temperature slope in which a current is driven concurrently against this potential. TE materials enable conversion of electricity into heat pump and vice versa.5–7
An Effective Study on Particulate Matter (PM) Removal Using Graphene Filter
Published in Ashish Raman, Deep Shekhar, Naveen Kumar, Sub-Micron Semiconductor Devices, 2022
Katyayani Bhardwaj, Aryan, R.K. Yadav
Due to the scarcity of energy and environmental issues, a variety of cost-effective and pollution-free technologies have attracted a great deal of attention. Thermoelectricity is one of the new ways by which the problem of waste of pure heat energy can be solved. The thermoelectric effect is the direct conversion of temperature differences to electric voltage and vice versa via a thermocouple. Thermoelectric devices create a voltage when there is a different temperature on each side. Conversely, when a voltage is applied to it, heat is transferred from one side to the other, creating a temperature difference. At the atomic scale, an applied temperature gradient causes the charge carrier in the material to diffuse from the hot side to the cold side. In this phenomenon, both electric and thermal currents contribute to the total current. The thermoelectric effect described is introduced in a natural way by several characteristic coefficients of the material, namely the thermal conductivity κ, the electrical conductivity σ, and the Seebeck coefficient S. These coefficients relate thermal and electrical currents with thermal and electrical gradients, generally referred to as transport coefficients.
Utility Grid with Hybrid Energy System
Published in Yatish T. Shah, Hybrid Power, 2021
Thermoelectric generators are semiconductor devices based on thermoelectric effects that can convert thermal energy directly into electricity. When a temperature gradient is established between junctions of materials, e.g., one junction is heated and the other cooled, a voltage (Seebeck voltage) is generated. The thermocouple that is created can be connected to a load to provide electric power. Thus, based on this Seebeck effect, thermoelectric devices can act as electrical power generators, as shown in the literature [6–12]. The equation that dictates the performance of TEG can be expressed as ZT=S2T/μk
Investigation and Analysis of Thermoelectrically Cooled CZT Performance
Published in Nuclear Technology, 2023
Amanda D. E. Foley, Swomitra K. Mohanty, Glenn E. Sjoden
Peltier coolers are thermoelectric coolers that operate via the Peltier effect, which creates a temperature transfer by removing heat from one junction and depositing it in the other. The Peltier coolers used in this work were model TEC12706AJ coolers, with a maximum current of 6 amps at 12 V, yielding a maximum temperature difference of 66°C. The Peltier coolers were set up as three-stage units that received voltage up to a specific value, determined by the Peltier location in the stage. Heat sinks located on the hot side of the ThermoElectric Cooler (TEC) devices were two Arctic Freezer 7 X CPU coolers for crystal cooling and one Arctic Alpine 11 Plus CPU cooler for the partial cooling of the preamplifier. There were aluminum heat sinks on the cold side of the top TEC devices, measuring 37.6 × 36.6 × 23.6 mm. The temperature at the aluminum heat sinks, the cooling apparatus’s interior, and the crystal housing surface were measured with K-type thermocouples. All the thermocouples had a range of −50°C to 200°C, except the crystal housing thermocouple, which had a range of −325°C to 400°C. The data logger to record thermocouple output was an AZ Instrument Corp. model 88598 AZ 4 Channel K-type data logger, with the following parameters as reported by the manufacturer: a range of −200°C to 1370°C, a resolution of 0.1°C, with an accuracy of ±0.3% reading at 1°C, and a sampling rate of 1 s.
Membrane desalination of ballast water using thermoelectric energy from waste heat
Published in Journal of Marine Engineering & Technology, 2022
A novel approach to integrate a waste heat driven thermoelectric generator unit with a reverse osmosis unit is proposed with some theoretical calculations and practical considerations. This approach allows for addressing the ballast water treatment and freshwater production issues in marine industry. Environmental pollution footprint can be reduced by utilising waste heat sources for these two purposes. While increasing feed water temperature increases the permeate flux rates, care should be taken to ensure stable membrane unit operations. In addition, the conversion efficiency of thermoelectric generators is very low, around 5%, needing more research and development in this area. The cost-benefits of the proposed approach needs critical consideration before its practical implementation.
Structural, electronic, magnetic and thermoelectric properties of inverse Heusler alloys Ti2CoSi, Mn2CoAl and Cr2ZnSi by employing Ab initio calculations
Published in Philosophical Magazine, 2020
D. J. Mokhtari, Inshad Jum’h, H. Baaziz, Z. Charifi, T. Ghellab, Ahmad Telfah, Roland Hergenröder
The thermoelectric effect refers to phenomena by which either a temperature difference creates an electric potential or an electric potential creates a temperature difference. These phenomena are known more specifically as the Seebeck effect (creating a voltage from temperature difference), Peltier effect (driving heat flow with an electric current), and Thomson effect (reversible heating or cooling within a conductor when there is both an electric current and a temperature gradient). While all materials have a nonzero thermoelectric effect, in most materials it is too small to be useful. However, low-cost materials that have a sufficiently strong thermoelectric effect (and other required properties) are also considered for applications including power generation and refrigeration. Thermoelectric materials are used in thermoelectric systems for cooling or heating in niche applications and are being studied as a way to regenerate electricity from waste heat [6].