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Storage Acceleration
Published in Heqing Zhu, Data Plane Development Kit (DPDK), 2020
NVMe SSD is faster than the SSD using SATA and SAS protocols, and it has more IOPS and less latency. PMD saves the CPU consumption compared to the traditional kernel driver-based model. The experiment is configured as follows: The machine under experiment is loaded with 2x Xeon E5–2695v4.64 GB DDR4 memory, 8x 8 GB DDR4 2133 MT/s.CentOS 7.2 (kernel version 4.10.0).8 Intel® NVMe-based SSDs: PC3700.
Flash Memory
Published in Shimeng Yu, Semiconductor Memory Devices and Circuits, 2022
Since its invention in the 1980s, Flash memory (especially the NAND Flash) has become the technological foundations of the following digital storage products: (1) SD memory card; (2) USB memory stick; (3) solid-state drive (SSD). The landscape of Flash-based products is shown in Figure 4.2. SD, standing for Secure Digital, is a memory card format developed for use in portable devices (e.g., mobile phones and tablets, digital cameras, etc.). The standard was introduced in 1999 by joint efforts between SanDisk, Panasonic, and Toshiba. The memory card has offered different form factors (from a larger size to a smaller size) including SD and microSD. The SD capacity standard has extended a few generations so far, including SD (up to 2 GB), SDHC (up to 32 GB), SDXC (up to 2 TB), and SDUC (up to 128 TB). The recent SD Express interface protocol could enable 1 GB/s to 4 GB/s transfer rate from SD cards. The USB memory stick is a Flash drive with an integrated Universal Serial Bus interface. The USB interface protocol has evolved generations from 1.0 to 2.0, 3.0, and 4.0 with the transfer rate improved from 1.5 MB/s to 60 MB/s, 625 MB/s, and 5 GB/s. The typical USB Flash drive offers the capacity of 32 GB up to 2 TB as of 2020, and it is primarily used for digital media storage and transfer between devices. SSD is the massive data storage technology that aims to replace the hard-disk drive (HDD). As of 2020, SSD was widely available in the capacity range of 128 GB–4 TB for consumer electronics, and up to 100 TB for enterprise electronics. On the consumer side, SSD has become a mainstream platform for personal computers and laptops. On the enterprise side, SSD is emerging as the driving force for innovating data centers. NVMe, short for Non-Volatile Memory Express, is an interface protocol built especially for SSD. NVMe works with Peripheral Component Interconnect Express (PCIe) to transfer data to and from SSD. NVMe is an improvement over the older HDD-related interfaces such as Serial AT Attachment (SATA). For example, the SATA III protocol maxes out at a throughput of 600 MB/s for SSD and 100 MB/s for a 7200 rotations per minute (RPM) HDD. NVMe drives, on the other hand, provide transfer rates as high as 3500 MB/s or even higher. The reason why SATA is sometimes used for SSD in personal computers is that the back-compatibility with the HDD systems.
A multi-objective optimization based on genetic algorithms for the sustainable design of Warm Mix Asphalt (WMA)
Published in International Journal of Pavement Engineering, 2022
Rodrigo Polo-Mendoza, Gilberto Martinez-Arguelles, Rita Peñabaena-Niebles
Undoubtedly, the execution time is affected by the characteristics of the development environment and the computer employed. Therefore, to simulate a non-advantageous case, non-professional everyday systems were used for this analysis. To be transparent, the specifications of these elements are listed below: Computer: Laptop with AMD Ryzen™ 7 3700U microprocessor, 8GB of DDR4 SDRAM, and a 512GB M.2 PCIe® NVMe™ solid-state drive.Development environment: an online tool with software acceleration disabled, i.e., neither graphics processing unit nor tensor processing unit was utilized.