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Green Artificial-Intelligence-Based Communication System
Published in Gurjit Kaur, Akanksha Srivastava, Green Communication Technologies for Future Networks, 2023
Millimeter wave communication (mmWave communication) is one of the most suited options to overcome the challenges of 5G and make the communication green by making it energy efficient. However, in order to have communication in the mmWave band antennas need to be efficient for it. One of the major drawbacks of mmWave is its time and power consumption. In order to reduce this overhead and also improve efficiency of beam selection AI techniques are used (Kao et al. 2018). Various AI aided beam selection methods like a machine learning algorithm, which provides offline training and this will reduce on-line processing overhead. Here the pre-training reduces the overhead of the off-line stage. In the following beam management aspects, AI is used (Li et al. 2020). These are the following: Training of beam formation: The paths used for communication in mmWave communications are limited therefore training of beamforming by machine learning takes into account the number of dominant beam pairs is much less when compared to the total beam pairs. AI techniques are also used in order to solve radio resource management issues.Tracking of beam: The device mobility issue is solved by beam tracking. It is used to compensate for the changes in the orientation of the communication system. Future beam prediction accuracy is increased using AI. Figure 12.8 based on green AI based mmWave communication.
Ambient Backscatter Communication
Published in Parag Chatterjee, Robin Singh Bhadoria, Yadunath Pathak, 5G and Beyond, 2022
Tushar S. Muratkar, Ankit Bhurane, Ashwin Kothari, Robin Singh Bhadoria
The millimeter-wave (mm-wave) is a part of the 5G wireless communication standard that makes a significant contribution to boosting its data rate. The 5G spectrum covers the frequencies in the range of sub-6 GHz to 100 GHz, with the mm-wave spectrum ranging from 24 GHz to 100 GHz. Due to extensive use of lower frequencies with TV, radio signals and existing 4G networks, they are heavily congested, resulting in slower data speeds. Unlike these lower frequencies, the mm-wave spectrum is relatively unused, so it offers high bandwidth and hence a very high data rate. This mm-wave technology can cover smaller areas with a very high-speed data rate, unlike the lower frequencies that cover large areas but at lower speeds. Due to the capability of mm-wave to offer high speed in smaller areas, it finds applications in ABCS. Authors in [62] built the first hardware model of mm-wave BackCom and achieved a data rate of 4Gbps. The proposed system works in the range of 24–28 GHz with an energy consumption of less than 0.15 pJ/bit.
Automotive Radar Signal Analysis
Published in Hussein T. Mouftah, Melike Erol-Kantarci, Sameh Sorour, Connected and Autonomous Vehicles in Smart Cities, 2020
Hassan Moradi, Ashish Basireddy
In spectrum analysis, millimeter wave (mm wave) refers to electromagnetic waves with frequency above 24GHz, where wavelength is in the millimeter range [17]. Signal wavelength in this frequency range will be less than 12.5 mm. In mobile communications, 5G technology serves as a first effort for using mm wave for cellular communications. One important parameter in characterizing high frequency signals is sensitivity of phase-to-propagation distance. One can see that based on the following well known equation, phase and distance are related and that at a small wavelength, a small change in the propagation distance of ΔR will cause a remarkable change in phase: Δϕ=2πΔRλ(one way transmission)
Compact high gain 28, 38 GHz antenna for 5G communication
Published in International Journal of Electronics, 2023
Sapna Chaudhary, Ankush Kansal
There has been a remarkable advancement in wireless technology from the last few decades involving the demand for high speed data rates and low latency. 4 G technology’s inability to achieve the desired bandwidth with the current spectrum has encouraged the evolution of 5 G technology. 5 G is still in its incipient stage and the unused spectrum of millimetre wave range plays a vital role for its growth (Elkashlan et al., 2014). However, the perspective of millimetre-wave technology is restricted by its short-distance transmission because of high propagation path loss. To compensate for the lossy propagation at these frequencies, antennas with high gain are desirable. 28 GHz, 37 GHz, 39 GHz 60 GHz and 73 GHz are the most prominent frequency band for this technology. 28 GHz and 38 GHz frequencies are considered best choices for outdoor communication (Jeong et al., 2015) because of less intensity of atmospheric absorption and path loss effects for these frequency bands.
Design and Analysis of 30 GHz CMOS Low-Noise Amplifier for 5G Communication Applications
Published in IETE Journal of Research, 2023
K. Dineshkumar, Gnanou Florence Sudha
Due to the increase in multimedia applications, the present wireless communication technology has problems associated with reduced data rates. Therefore, to increase the data rates, 5G technology proposes the use of millimeter waves (mm-wave). Millimeter waves are electromagnetic that range from 30 to 300 GHz with a wavelength from 10 to 1 mm. Millimeter waves provide high-speed data rate communication between the short distance electronic devices when compared to the existing technologies [1]. The carrier frequency in the millimeter wave frequency range can be specified by various telecommunication standards. For metropolitan area networks, the frequency range for wireless communication is 10 to 66 GHz which is specified by IEEE 802.16. For personal area networks, the frequency ranges from 57 to 66 GHz according to ECMA-387 and IEEE 802.15 standards. While for wireless local area networks, the IEEE 802.11ad specifies the frequency range of 60 GHz [2]. Therefore, large bandwidths available in these frequency ranges are well suitable for the mm-Wave transceiver applications.
A Filterless Generation of Optical Millimeter Wave Signal Based on Frequency 16-Tupling Using Cascaded Polarization Modulators
Published in IETE Journal of Research, 2022
M. Baskaran, S. Sevagan, T. Sivasakthi
Because of the rapid growth in technology and communication, there is a fast increase in the number of users accessing the available spectrum. The use of the spectrum, therefore, gets limited. Various researches are being carried out to meet this spectral crisis and they come out with many solutions. One of their prospective solutions is the use of millimeter wave (MMW) frequencies. Researchers have turned their focus on MMW generation methods. Optical comb generators implementing mode-locked lasers generate microwave signals of 1–10 GHz range of frequencies [1]. External modulation techniques have gained high importance because of their minimal intricacy, stable performance and economic feasibility [2] and various other techniques involve the nonlinear methods of generation of MMW such as stimulated Brillouin scattering and four wave mixing [3].