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Crystal Structures and Properties of Nanomagnetic Materials
Published in Ram K. Gupta, Sanjay R. Mishra, Tuan Anh Nguyen, Fundamentals of Low Dimensional Magnets, 2023
Mirza H. K. Rubel, M. Khalid Hossain
Magnetic moment (µB), the core of magnetic properties, is a kind of force that originates from the nonzero spin of electrons in atoms of substances. The magnetization behavior in all sorts of materials, including metals, semiconductors, and insulators, is a consequence of the magnetic moment. The net magnetization in the order of magnitude is expressed by the quantity of Bohr magneton, µB, to justify the amount of magnetization suspected in elements. The induced magnetic properties due to magnetic moments are observed in different sizes of particles from micro- to nanoscales and have diverse applications in those fields. The magnetic moments are the vector sum of electronic spin (µspin) and orbital momentum (µorbital) in an atom of materials. The basic five magnetic materials are classified as the vector sum of µspin and µorbital following the relation as Eq. 6, ∑(µspin+µorbital)>0Ferromagnetic,Antiferromagnetic,Ferrimagnetic,Paramagnetic
Landé Pauli, Dirac and Spin
Published in Caio Lima Firme, Quantum Mechanics, 2022
The magnetic moment, m, is the magnetic strength and orientation of a magnet (a material that produces a magnetic field). The magnetic moment usually refers to a system’s magnetic dipole moment, la (the component of the magnetic moment equivalent to a magnetic dipole). The magnetic dipole moment is formed by the passage of electrons through a conducting loop of wire and it is the product of the electric current I and the area that the loop encloses, A.
Magnetic Properties
Published in Yip-Wah Chung, Monica Kapoor, Introduction to Materials Science and Engineering, 2022
Since separate magnetic charges have yet to be found, it is intellectually more satisfying to express magnetic moment in some other way. As noted earlier, an electric current produces a magnetic field: a current (I) flowing in a loop of area A behaves like a magnet with magnetic moment equal to I × A (Figure 9.2). Therefore, the unit of magnetic moment is A-m2. One electron spin has a magnetic moment of 9.27 × 10−24 A-m2. This is known as 1 Bohr magneton (μB). Interestingly, the orbital motion of a 1s electron in the hydrogen atom results in an electric current loop: the product of this current and the area of this loop enclosed by the 1s orbital is equal to 1 Bohr magneton. A real magnet consists of many such Bohr magnetons. In this case, the magnetic strength of a material is measured by the magnetic moment per unit volume and is known as magnetization M, which has the same unit as H.
Solvent Extraction, Sequential Separation and Trace Determination of La (III), Ce (III), Nd (III) and Gd (III) with 2, 14-bis[m-nitrophenyl]-Calix[4]Resorcinarene-8, 20-bis[N- phenylbenzo]-dihydroxamic Acid
Published in Solvent Extraction and Ion Exchange, 2023
C. R. Sharma, R. N. Patadia, Y. K. Agrawal
Gadolinium is used in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) as a contrast agent. Its high magnetic moment allows it to produce strong signals in MRI scans, making it useful for detecting tumors, inflammation, and other abnormalities.[9,10] Gadolinium compounds are also used in some types of optical fibers and in certain types of lasers. Additionally, gadolinium has been proposed for use as a neutron absorber in nuclear reactors.[11] Overall, gadolinium has many unique properties and potential applications in many different fields of science and technology.
A review on magnetic polymeric nanocomposite materials: Emerging applications in biomedical field
Published in Inorganic and Nano-Metal Chemistry, 2023
MRI technique is based on the counterbalance between the small magnetic moment on a proton and the exceedingly large number of protons present in biological tissue, which leads to noticeable change in the presence of magnetic fields.[249,250] Iron oxide nanoparticles are the most commonly used contrast agents because they are superparamagnetic, biocompatible, and possess high saturation magnetization and dispersibility.