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The evolution of future societies with unlimited energy supply?
Published in Kléber Ghimire, Future Courses of Human Societies, 2018
Efficient transformers that can operate in overload without a negative impact on their life cycle are able to meet occasional utility peak load demands. Flywheels, based on frictionless superconductor bearings, can transform electric energy into kinetic energy, store the energy and use the rotational kinetic energy to regenerate electricity. Conventional flywheels suffer energy losses of 3–5 percent per hour, whereas superconductor-based flywheels will operate with no losses. Highly efficient and safe electric motors, turbine, steam engines, internal combustion engines using frictionless superconductor bearings (instead of today’s widely used bearing system) and superconductor electromagnets are achievable with room temperature superconductor technology. Magnetic levitation is a phenomenon where an object is suspended in the air only because of magnetic repulsion. The magnetic force in this case is used to counteract the effects of the gravitational field or any other forces. An example of magnetic levitation technology applied to transportation is the MAGnetic LEVitation (MAGLEV) in Japan, an experimental bullet train capable of reaching speed of more than 600 km/h that has fewer frictional resistances, which means less energy to move the train. Future applications have begun to attract considerable scientific inquires in recent years (Kalsi, 2011, pp. 147–286).
An Introduction to Control Systems
Published in Arthur G.O. Mutambara, Design and Analysis of Control Systems, 2017
Magnetic levitation provides the mechanism for several new modes of transportation. Magnetically levitated trains provide a high-speed, low-friction, low-noise alternative to conventional rail systems. The dynamics of magnetic levitation are inherently unstable, and thus require a controller to make the system behave in a useful manner. In fact, magnetic levitation systems are open-loop unstable, hence feedback control is required. Here the system is the mass of the train levitated by field-inducing coils. The input to the system is the current to the coils. The objective is to keep the train a safe distance above the coils. If the train is too high, it will leave the magnetic field and possibly veer to one side or the other. If the train is too low, it will touch the track with possibly disastrous results.
A Model to Calculate Force Characteristics of a Magnetic Suspension of a Superconducting Sphere
Published in Kirill Poletkin, Laurent A. Francis, Magnetic Sensors and Devices, 2017
Sergey I. Kuznetsov, Yury M. Urman
ABSTRACT: In magnetic levitation systems, a magnetized object is held in space by magnetic force interaction and without mechanical contact to a support. The absence of mechanical contact minimizes friction, wear, and energy dissipation, motivating their use in a number of applications[1-3], including motion creation systems (motors and precise positioning for microsystems [4], orientation systems for space vehicles [5]), sensors (accel-erometers, gravimeters, inclinometers, gyroscopes, seismometers), motion storage systems (energy and momentum storages [6]), and systems for harvesting energy [7]. Magnetic levitation systems make it possible to isolate an object from external influences of extreme environments, such as mechanical, heat, and chemical, to cancel vibrations [8,9], create microgravity [10-12], providing means for new approaches to material synthesis and processing, such as crystal, protein, bacterial cluster growth [13], precise measurement of thermophysical properties [14], manipulation and separation of small-scale objects [15,16], including bio-objects [17].
Practical Application of Fractional-Order PID Controller based on Evolutionary Optimization Approach for a Magnetic Levitation System
Published in IETE Journal of Research, 2022
Soham Dey, Subrata Banerjee, Jayati Dey
Magnetic levitation system has become increasingly popular for applications like high-speed transportation systems, vibration isolation systems, levitated wind turbine models, frictionless bearings, etc. A ferromagnetic object is uplifted in free space by means of attractive (or repulsive) magnetic force produced by electromagnetic actuators. In the present work, all experimental procedure is carried out by using a laboratory-based prototype hardware set-up for a magnetic levitation system. The set-up is installed by Feedback Instruments Ltd. and it is a replica of the actual industrial Maglev system. The entire setup is a combination of the following main components: Electromagnetic coil, Infrared sensors, Metallic sphere, Analogue/Digital interface and the controller. Here, the levitation object is a small steel ball of mass 20 grams. The attraction force is produced by the computer-controlled electromagnet mounted directly above the levitation ball. IR sensors are used to detect the position of the ball.
Robust 2-DOF FOPID Controller Design for Maglev System Using Jaya Algorithm
Published in IETE Journal of Research, 2020
Debdoot Sain, Subrat Kumar Swain, Tapas Kumar, Sudhansu Kumar Mishra
Magnetic levitation, popularly known as Maglev is a technology by which an object is levitated without any support other than magnetic fields. To counteract the effects of the gravitational acceleration (g) and other environmental disturbances, the magnetic field is used. In this paper, the Maglev system (Model no. 33-210) [23] from Feedback Instruments has been considered. It is worth mentioning that the set of Maglev system parameters have been kept exactly the same as [20,22] for the comparison purpose. The schematic diagram of the Maglev system is depicted in Figure 1 and in Table 1 the Maglev system parameters are provided [20]. The coil present in the set up gets magnetized whenever current flows through it and attracts the ball in the upward direction. Gravity does exactly the opposite and the position of the ball is monitored continuously with the help of an infrared sensor. The complete control set up consisting of the electrical and mechanical units along with connection interface panel have been depicted in Figure 2.