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Electromagnetic compatibility/interference (EMC/EMI)
Published in Geoff Lewis, Communications Technology Handbook, 2013
From the 1st January 1997, the Low Voltage Directive (LVD), 73/23/EEC becomes effective for equipments connected to a mains supply. In this case, low voltage refers to values below 1 KVac and 1.5 Kvdc. The standard differs from the EMC directive in a number of ways: It dates from 1973.It is much more complex.Effectively provides an extension of the с ∊ marking scheme for EMC.Third party testing routes for compliance are through BABT for telecommunications and BEAB for consumer equipments.
Proposal for a method for analysing smart personal protective systems
Published in International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics, 2022
Patrice Marchal, James Baudoin
Finally, the manufacturer of SPPS should also question itself about the applicable requirements and guidelines depending on the technologies it implements.11 For example, it may need to take into consideration the electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) Directive 2014/30/EU [19], the low voltage Directive 2014/35/EU [20] if it uses electricity, etc.
Simulation and Experimental Investigation of a Smart MPPT based Solar Charge Controller
Published in Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 2022
Sarita Samal, Prasanta Kumar Barik, Roshan Kumar Soni, Sarthak Nayak
Solar energy has evolved as a viable renewable energy option due to its low cost and environmental friendliness. The photovoltaic (PV) solar cells’ ability to produce energy depends on a number of factors, including temperature and solar radiation. For each value of irradiance and temperature, the solar cell has a fixed maximum power point. As per studies, a solar panel produces 30–40% of the energy that strikes it into electrical energy. The efficiency of the PV system can be increased by using power electronic devices along with maximum power. The extraction of maximum available power from a photovoltaic module is done by maximum power point tracking (MPPT) controller. Moreover, for efficient use of the solar panels, an MPPT method is appropriate. However, MPPT technique may be implemented using a number of methods, including perturb and observe (P&O), incremental conductance, fractional short circuit current, fractional open-circuit voltage, fuzzy control, neural network control, etc. As P&O technique is the most widely used of these because of its straightforward deployment, quicker MPPT tracking, and numerous other financial benefits it is considered in this study. It is additionally clear that none of those have utilized a micro-controller based MPPT procedure utilizing Arduino. It simplifies the framework, more proficient and exceptionally adaptable. This exploration hence targets planning and executing a microcontroller-based MPPT solar-powered charge regulator method utilizing Arduino. A solar-based charger is the source of nonlinear energy. When the external environment of a PV battery changes, this method can quickly track the changes in maximum power point so that the battery can always give the maximum power; additionally, the oscillation phenomenon of the system’s output power near the maximum power point can be effectively eliminated. So, considering all of these facts, a portable SCC can be a good solution for measuring low voltage directive, low voltage release, reverse polarity protection, reverse current leakage protection, charging and discharging efficiency of a solar charge controller at the site installation.