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Sensor Fundamentals
Published in Patrick F. Dunn, Fundamentals of Sensors for Engineering and Science, 2019
Another type of sensor/transducer system is in a landline telephone mouthpiece. This consists of a diaphragm with coils housed inside a small magnet. There is one system for the mouthpiece and one for the earpiece. The diaphragm is the sensor. Its coils within the magnet’s field are the transducer. Talking into the mouthpiece generates pressure waves, causing the diaphragm with its coils to move within the magnetic field. This induces a current in the coil, which is transmitted (after modification) to another telephone. When the current arrives at the earpiece, it flows through the coils of the earpiece’s diaphragm inside the magnetic field and causes the diaphragm to move. This sets up pressure waves that strike a person’s eardrum as sound. Newer phones use piezo-sensors/transducers that generate an electric current from applied pressure waves and, alternatively, pressure waves from an applied electric current. Today, most signals are digitally encoded for transmission either in optical pulses through fibers or in electromagnetic waves to and from satellites. Even with this new technology, the sensor still is a surface that moves, and the transducer still converts this movement into an electrical current.
EAST in Energy Distribution Operations
Published in Neville A. Stanton, Paul M. Salmon, Guy H. Walker, Systems Thinking in Practice, 2018
Daniel P. Jenkins, Chris Baber, Richard McMaster
In both scenarios, the COCR operator, located a central control room (see Figure 4.3), took on the role of commander, planning the work to be undertaken and distributing work instructions to the Senior Authorised Persons (SAPs) and Authorised Persons (APs) located at the substations where the work was to be undertaken. In addition to overseeing the activities that were analysed for the purposes of this research, the COCR operator was also involved in other activities being undertaken elsewhere on the grid and so had other responsibilities and tasks to attend to during the study. The other agents involved in the scenarios included the Central Command (CC) Operator and Overhead Line Party (OLP) personnel working on the overhead lines. The COCR operator communicated with the other agents via landline telephone and mobile phone. The COCR operator also had access to substation diagrams, work logs and databases and the internet. The structure of personnel for Scenario 1 is presented in Figure 4.4. The structure of personnel for Scenario 2 is presented in Figure 4.5.
Network Architecture, Mobility Management, and Deployment
Published in Saad Z. Asif, 5G Mobile Communications Concepts and Technologies, 2018
The 2G GSM network is comprised of three key interconnected systems, namely base station subsystem (BSS), NSS, and operation support system (OSS). The BSS (i.e., radio access area) consists of BTSs and BSC (base station controllers). The NSS (i.e., core network area) is comprised of MSC (mobile switching center), and databases, including HLR (home location register), VLR (visitor location register), EIR (Equipment Identity Register), and AuC (authentication center). The MSC is connected to some of these data bases directly and to the PSTN (public switched telephone network) for landline connectivity.
Geodesic Iteration Number of g-contour of a Fuzzy Graph
Published in Fuzzy Information and Engineering, 2019
Sameeha Rehmani, M. S. Sunitha
Telecommunication is the exchange of information over any distance by a telecommunication path. Telecommunication occurs when the exchange of information between communication participants includes the use of technology. It is one of the most essential and unavoidable system in our daily life today. A revolution in wireless communication began in the first decade of the twentieth century with the pioneering developments in radio communications. This paved path for mobile phones that are wireless devices used to make and receive telephone calls over a radio link while moving around a wide geographic area. However, this technological device has gradually become a threat to our land line telecommunication networks. The number of land line subscribers continuously decreases due to upgrades in digital technology and the conveniences that come with switching to wireless (cellular) or Internet-based alternatives. Churn is a term used by companies to denote the loss of customers. Churn prediction is essential for businesses as it helps to detect customers who are likely to cancel a subscription or service. Churn of customers in telecommunication is a big problem for service providers and hence making a list of churning persons is an important task for service providers. Thus in order to reduce churning in the land line telecommunication system, the service providers give attractive offers and facilities for calls made within the system such as free calls on public holidays and reduced tariff on other days and so on. Also high speed net facilities such as broad band has also helped to a great extend in reducing the churning percentage among customers. A service provider gives more importance to the customer having more connected people. By canvassing these ‘connected people’ and brain washing them about the offers and facilities provided by the land line communication system, the service provider might succeed to a great extend in reducing the churn in the network and also in including new customers in the network. By repeating this process with the connections of these ‘connected people’, a wider access to the network is provided until everyone in the network has been canvassed and those about to churn are identified. This repeated process of canvassing customers can be compared to the iterative method of taking geodesic closures (Definition 2.17) among nodes in a fuzzy graph.