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Technology Requirements for Cyber Physical Systems Implementation in Construction
Published in Salah Wesam Alaloul, Cyber-Physical Systems in the Construction Sector, 2022
Khalid Mhmoud Alzubi, Wesam Salah Alaloul, Abdul Hannan Qureshi
This refers to the capability of the components and systems to exchange and use data and information to provide specified services. A highly interoperable system should accept or provide services conducive to effective interoperation and communication between system components.
Systems integration theory and fundamentals
Published in Safety and Reliability, 2020
Mohammad Rajabalinejad, Leo van Dongen, Merishna Ramtahalsing
According to White (White, 1990), ‘integration’ refers to the activity of combining several implemented system elements and activating the interfaces to form a realised system (product or service) that enables interoperation between the system elements and other systems in the environment to satisfy system requirements, architecture characteristics and design properties. In addition, ‘integration engineering’ is seen as a set of activities that define, analyse and execute integration across the lifecycle, including interactions with other lifecycle processes (White, 1990). In this context, an activity is defined as a set of cohesive tasks in a process. In most engineering standard practices, as suggested in White (White, 1990), the term ‘integration’ is limited to the integration of the system elements in order to realise the system and related activities across the full lifecycle. However, integration engineering also needs to address the integration of a system with its external environment and/or enabling systems. This is the task of integration management, which is a set of activities that plans, assesses and controls integration activities and all other related activities, according to White (White, 1990).